THE VERB 331 mddyati * becomes intoxicated iramyati 4 becomes tired which must have had radical accent from the beginning, which makes it appear that there were originally two types combined in this class. Certain roots in a which belong here, e.g. gd- 4 to sing ' (gdyati) , gla- 4 to be weary ' ( gldyati ), trd- 4 to save * ( trdyate ) and dhya - 4 to think ' (dhydyati), are by the grammarians attached to the first class by the wholly unnecessary assumption of roots of the form gdi etc. Since the roots are certainly to be set up as gd- t etc., these presents must be attached to this class, in which their form and accent are regular. There are a number of roots in d which lose this vowel before the accented suffix -yd- : da- ' to bind ' ( d-yaii ), chd- 4 to cut J (chydti), sd- 4 to sharpen ' ( sydti ) and sd- 4 to bind ' (sydti ; cf, Hitt, ishiya- 4 bind '). They retain what must have been, as noted above, the original accent of this class, because the com- plete reduction of the radical syllable made impossible any shift of accent to the root.' Th$ Tenth Class (cur- class) The suffix is -dya-. This has normally been specialised in the formation of causative verbs, but it is not exclusively used for this purpose, and a nucleus of forms remain which belong to the primary rather than the secondary conjugation. In the lan- guage of the Veda there is a fairly clear distinction between presents in dya which do not have strengthening of the root (guna or vrddhi) in which a causative sense is usually absent, and those in which it is so strengthened which are normally causative. Examples of the former are : citdya - 4 notice, ob- serve isdya- 4 flourish J , turdya- 4 hasten, speed ', dyutdya- 4 shine rucdya- 4 id ’, subhaya- 4 be splendid J , mrddya- 4 par- don sprhdya- 4 desire patdya - 4 fly about Here belong originally such presents as hvdyati 4 calls svdyati 4 swells ' and dh-ayati * sucks which the grammarians have attached to the first class by the assumption of the root forms svi-, hve dhe In the classical language the verbs classified here are more miscellaneous and they include a variety of formations of de- nominative or causative origin : e.g. kdmayate 4 desires f , corayati 4 steals chddayati 4 covers avalokayati ' looks upon dusdyati 4 spoils bhusdyati 4 adorns taddyati 4 beats etc.
