PHONOLOGY 78
- thread Gk. f}i6s ( bow * ; jdtu ' gum, lac A.S. cwidu , cf.
Lat. bitumen ; °jdni- ‘ wife ', Goth, qens ; rajant ‘ night Gk, cpefAvos, ipefiewos * dark gh : $kt. hdnti ‘ slays Av. jainti, as opposed to Skt. jaghdna 1 slew 0. Ir. geguin , Hitt, kuenzi r slays ' ; arhati * is worth Av. arpjaiti, as opposed to Skt. arghd- * price Lith. alga ‘ re- ward Gk. aX<f>dva) ; haras - ‘ heat Gk. Qepos * summer ' (: gharmd-, etc. above) ; ddhati 1 bums Av. dazaiti : nidaghd- ' heat of summer Lith. degu * I burn The second palatalisation took place fairly early in the de- velopment of Indo-Iranian, before the change of l to a which distinguishes this branch from the rest of Indo-European. Similar changes appear in some other languages of the satam group, e.g. Slavonic (detyre 1 4 zivu * alive ') and Armenian (jerm ' warm ') but these appear to have occurred independently and later. §8. The Two Palatal Series in Indo-Aryan In Indo-Aryan the distinction between the two palatal series, which is fully preserved in Iranian (s, z, z : £, /, ]) is retained only in the case of the surds (s' : c). On the other hand the sonants, both unaspirated and aspirated, are confused with each other as j ( — z and/) and h ( = zh and jh) respectively. But the distinction between the two remains effective in many ways in the grammatical system, because according to their origin both j and h are treated in two different ways in various con- texts. In declension and inflection the rules of sandhi operate differently according to the different origins of j and h . This may be illustrated from the formation of the participle in -ta from the two types of root respectively. / : (a) yaj- ‘ sacrifice ' (Av. yaz-) : is id-, srj- ‘ to let go * (Av. ham-) : srstd mrj - * to wipe J (Av. mar^z-) : mrstd-. (b) nij- to wash p (Av. nae]-) : niktd - ; bhaj- ' to distribute * (Av. ba]-) ; bhaftta- ; yuj- ' to join ’ (Av. yao]-) : yuktd -. h : (a) vah- 1 to carry * (Av. vaz-) : udhd-, lih- ' to lick * (Av. raez-) : Udhd- ; sah- ' to overcome ' (Av. haz-) : sddha-, sodhd (b) dak- ‘ to burn ' (Ir. da]-, Av. dazaiti) : dagdhd -, druh - ' to injure, betray ' (Av. dru]-) : drugdhd-. In this, as in many other respects the distinction between the two series remains active in Sanskrit grammar. In the case of the second palatalisation, as opposed to the
