साहाय्यम्:Beginner's guide to typography
| Beginner's guide to typography |
| How to format and arrange the text on a page. |
फलकम्:Under construction When proofreading a work for Wikisource, it helps to get the typesetting as close as possible to the original. However, Wikisource has some of its own style guidelines and the fact that this is a website rather than a printed book affects what can be achieved with typesetting. This page should help you start typesetting a work.
Please note that typesetting is secondary to the text itself. If there is a conflict between the two or a problem with typesetting, always keep the wording of the text intact and either ignore any inconvenient formatting or leave it until later. Wikisource is a wiki, so corrections and improvements can always be made at any time, either by yourself or by another user.
Paragraphs and sentences
[सम्पाद्यताम्]Although the general maxim on Wikisource is to preserve the source text as closely as possible, there are some concessions made for the change of medium from the printed page to a digital format. Chief among these are changes to the way in which paragraphs are formatted, and the consequences of such changes.
- Do not indent paragaphs or other text on Wikisource.
- The beginning of a paragraph should not be indented, regardless of the original text. Why? In a printed work, the first line of a paragraph is normally indented by a small distance from the left margin. This indentation provides the reader with a visual cue to the start of a new paragaph. On Wikisource, the visual cue is provided in the form of a greater spacing between paragraphs. It is a natural consequence of our software that there will be greater line spacing between the final line of one paragraph and the start of the next paragraph. Because this visual cue exists, we do not use paragaph indentation under normal circumstances.
- Under no circumstances should one or more spaces be used at the beginning of a line of text. This has unfortunate consequences for the way in which the following line will be displayed by the software. The text will appear in an equal-spaced font (usually Courier) inside a shaded rectangle, as shown below:
This is what happens when a space appears before a line of text.
- Leave a blank line between paragraphs.
- To produce the greater line spacing between paragraphs, simply leave a blank line between the two paragraphs when editing. This must be a truly blank line, without any characters or spaces.
- Remove line breaks.
- Printed books break lines of text whenever it is necessary to fit the lines to the page. Scanned text will usually add line breaks at the end of each line as it appears in the original text. Line breaks are usually an artefact of the printing process, and not information in the original work. Thus, when converting a text from its source into a Wikisource page, it is best practice to remove any line breaks. Note that it may be easier to do this after proofreading. It is not absolutely necessary to remove them, as web browsers will naturally wrap text for the individual reader, but these breaks should be removed, such that all the lines in a paragraph are connected with no breaks.
- Reconnect hyphenated words broken over separate lines.
- Words broken over two lines should be reconnected into one word again. For example, if a line of text ends in "bad-" and the next line begins with "ger", the hyphen and break should be removed to leave just "badger". However, take care when doing this that you do not eliminate hyphens from the middle of hyphenated words, such as "twenty-nine", "three-fourths", or "Saxe-Coburg". When these words are broken at the end of a line, they may look like ordinary words that were hyphenated merely as a result of a line break, when in fact they are hyphenated words. Recognizing the difference between these two situations requires some common sense, but also an awareness that rules for spacing and hyphenation both vary by country and change over time. For example, the word "today" was sometimes written as "to day" or "to-day" in some older works. Browsing several pages of the work, or looking at nearby paragraphs, can often answer questions about whether a hyphen should be retained or collapsed.
- A single space is sufficient between sentences.
- Traditionally, style guides for printed works advocate two spaces following a full stop (period), exclamation point, question mark, or other punctuation occurring at the end of a sentence. People who learned to type or keyboard under such a style guide may do this habitually. However, web browsers normally collapse two or more consecutive spaces on a line into a single space. It is therefore necessary to include only a single space between sentences of the same paragraph, as any extra spaces will not be displayed.
The above statements about formatting are standard in most situations, but there are some exceptions. For example, poetry is deliberately written on multiple lines, and so removing all line breaks is not appropriate. Formatting poetry is a more advanced topic, and is covered at Help:Poetry. Also, when a hyphenated word falls at the end of a page, and continues onto the start of the following page, special formatting is required. This issue is discussed below under Multiple pages.
Format text
[सम्पाद्यताम्]You can type italic or bold text by adding apostrophes to either side of the text as shown in this table.
margin:0 auto 0 auto; "| Font style | Wiki code | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Italics | ''Italics'' | To make text italic, add two apostrophes on either side of the text. |
| Bold | '''Bold''' | To make text bold, add three apostrophes on either side of the text. |
| Bold italics | '''''Bold italics''''' | To make text bold and italic at the same time, add five apostrophes on either side of the text.
(ie. two apostrophes around three other apostrophes to achieve both effects at the same time.) |
To change the size of text, you can use the following templates. This is especially useful with chapter titles or footnotes and it might even be used elsewhere in the text.
| Text size | Template | Wiki code | Paragraph equivalent | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| xx-smaller | {{xx-smaller}} | {{xx-smaller|Foo}} | {{xx-smaller block}} | |
| x-smaller | {{x-smaller}} | {{x-smaller|Foo}} | {{x-smaller block}} | |
| smaller | {{smaller}} | {{smaller|Foo}} | {{smaller block}} | |
| normal | normal | No templates or modification at all. | ||
| larger | {{larger}} | {{larger|Foo}} | {{larger block}} | |
| x-larger | {{x-larger}} | {{x-larger|Foo}} | {{x-larger block}} | |
| xx-larger | {{xx-larger}} | {{xx-larger|Foo}} | {{xx-larger block}} | |
| xxx-larger | {{xxx-larger}} | {{xxx-larger|Foo}} | {{xxx-larger block}} | |
| xxxx-larger | {{xxxx-larger}} | {{xxxx-larger|Foo}} | {{xxxx-larger block}} |
100% and smaller font size and style comparisons table
[सम्पाद्यताम्]| Templates | Normal | Bold | Italics | Bold and italics |
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| {{fine block}} | 92% |
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| {{smaller}} | 83% |
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| {{x-smaller}} {{x-smaller block}} | 69% |
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| {{xx-smaller}} {{xx-smaller block}} | 58% |
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Other text effects
[सम्पाद्यताम्]There are many different text effects that can be made with templates. This table shows some of the most common:
margin:0 auto 0 auto; "| Format | Template | Wiki code | Effect | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Small capitals | {{smallcaps}}, {{sc}} | {{smallcaps|foo}}
|
foo | |
| Dropped initial, or "drop cap" | {{dropinitial}} | {{dropinitial|F}}oo
|
Foo विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः | Additional text has been added with the {{lorem ipsum}} template to show how this will appear in a paragraph. |
| Raised, or large, initial | {{largeinitial}} | {{largeinitial|F}}oo
|
Foo विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः | Additional text has been added here as well for the same reason. |
| Hanging indent | {{hanging indent}}, {{hi}} | {{hanging indent|lorem ipsum}}
|
विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः विषयाः पूरणीयाः |
Text also added with the {{lorem ipsum}} template. |
Symbols and special characters
[सम्पाद्यताम्]Unicode, also known as "What about these funny characters?"
Often in our works there are unusual and foreign characters, and, not unexpectedly, many of us don't know how to type these. To assist, in the new toolbar, and at the bottom of our editing pages there is included an edit tools that allow the addition of these characters. To note that the available character sets do not contain every character, especially with very old typesets. You can check one of the following sites to look to see if the character is available in modern fonts
If you can find the character, you are looking to note is the respective HTML-code: or HTML Entity which can be used. For example ‡ (double dagger) is replicated with ‡.
Layout
[सम्पाद्यताम्]Text position
[सम्पाद्यताम्]These templates do not format text (such as adjusting text size); they help to format the pages themselves.
margin:0 auto 0 auto; "| Template | Short form | Usage |
|---|---|---|
| {{RunningHeader}} | {{rh}} | Easy formatting for headers and footers, including page numbers. |
| {{Hyphenated word start}} | {{hws}} | To re-connect a word split across two pages. |
| {{Hyphenated word end}} | {{hwe}} | To complete the re-connection of a word split across two pages. |
| {{nop}} | n/a | Mark the end of a paragraph if it is also the last text on a page. |
For example, if page 1 ends with "contin-" and page 2 starts with "-uation", you should replace this text with the following: On page 1 use "{{hws|contin|continuation}}" and on page 2 use "{{hwe|uation|continuation}}". When saved, this will still appear as "contin-" and "-uation" in the page namespace, although each will have the tooltip "continuation". In the main namespace, however, this will appear as just "continuation".
Some running headers, and how to format the template to display them, can be seen in this table:
margin:0 auto 0 auto; "| Template | Result |
|---|---|
| {{rh|1|CHAPTER TITLE|[1830.}} | 1 [1830. CHAPTER TITLE
|
| {{rh||''Book Title''|55}} | 55 Book Title
|
| {{rh|{{sc|Vol}}. 2||Page 101}} | Vol. 2 Page 101 |
Header and footer
[सम्पाद्यताम्]
Explain the toggle & gadget to view the header/footer.
Multiple pages
[सम्पाद्यताम्]The text in a book will normally continue across pages and the computer program behind the proofreading process assumes this. When the text appears in the mainspace, it will put a space between the last word on the first page and the first word on the second page. Usually this is what you want to happen. However there are some cases where you will need to use a template to make the program do something different.
- If a page ends with the end of a paragraph: add the template {{nop}} on a new line at the end. This will prevent the paragraph being merged with the first paragraph of the next page.
- If a word is broken over two pages: add the {{hyphenated word start}} template to the first page and the {{hyphenated word end}} template to the second page.
- For example, if page 5 ends with "bad-" and page 6 begins with "-ger", you should end page 5 with
{{hyphenated word start|bad|badger}}
- and you should begin page 6 with
{{hyphenated word end|ger|badger}}
- When the pages are brought together in the mainspace, this will appear as just "badger".
Tables
[सम्पाद्यताम्]Tables can be used both to create a table (if one was in the original text) and to arrange the layout of text. This can be complicated.
- For more information, please see Help:Table.
- Formatting tables can be made easier with the {{table style}} template.
- See also w:Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Tables