PHONOLOGY 90 lowed by a sonant : Skt, upabdd- 4 trampling on ' : pad - 4 foot cf. Av. frabda - ' fore part of the foot Gk, eirlpSai 4 day after a festival ' ; dadbhis instr. pi. of dant- } dat - 4 tooth * ; abjit- ' conquering the water * : dp - 4 water (2) In the case of the combination sonant aspirate followed by -t- the whole group is voiced and the aspiration attached to» the second consonant ; thus from dah- ' to burn 1 (from dagh- by the second palatalisation), budh- ' to understand 1 and labh- 4 to receive the participles in -id are dagdhd-, buddhd- and labdhd In the older Avestan language a similar development is ob- served, though the aspiration as always in Iranian has been lost: aogzdd 4 said 1 from *augdha t i.e. Aryan aitgh- (Av. aog-)+ta, cf. Gk, €i ?xo/iou ; ubdaena- 4 woven ' from Aryan vabh The later Avestan substitutes combinations of type (1) above even in the case of the original sonant aspirates : aoxta 4 said druxta - f betrayed ' (draog- : Skt. druh-) dapta - * deceived 1 (dab- : Skt, dabh-). In the same way in Sanskrit dhatti 4 places ' has been substituted for * daddhe ( -- Av. dazde) which would be the regular combination of dadh- te. Elsewhere in Indo- European innovating forms of this type have completely re- placed the old type of combination : e.g. Gk. ckto? : i rtvvrisy cf. Av. apaitibusti * not noticing as opposed to San- skrit buddhi-. (3) Dental combinations in Sanskrit normally conform to the above rules : vetti 1 he knows ' from vid-, rttddhd- 4 ob- structed 1 from rudh- + td, etc. On the other hand Iranian sub- stitutes the sibilant 5 or 2 in these positions : v crista 4 thou knowest ' : Skt. vdttha ; hastra- 4 session ' : Skt. sattrd - ; ni-uruzda- ‘ locked up ’ : Skt. ruddha-. The Greek treatment agrees with Iranian : otcrda 4 thou knowest 7 rv<rn,s ' informa- tion cf. Av. apaitibusti : Skt. buddhi-. In the Western IE language -ss- results from the combination : Lat. ob-sessus (sedeo), 0, Ic. sess 4 seat A tendency to modify the dental combinations is therefore wide-spread. It is assumed that in Indo-European a sibilant was inserted in these cases (t*t f t s th r d £ d , d z dh). Since all interconsonantal sibilants are elided in Sanskrit an IE voitHha would produce Skt. vettha, and at the same time it accounts for the Iranian and Greek forms. In the case of the voiced combination we find two kinds of treatment in Sanskrit, on the one hand the usual type ruddha- , vrddha -, etc., and on the other hand some ancient
