OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF SANSKRIT 57 the stars ’ though it is actually derived from a Skt. rtupati-
- lord of the seasons In the medical texts kotha - 4 a form of
leprosy ' occurs beside kustha- 1 leprosy ' of which it is a Prakrit development. Among other words originating in Prakrit we may mention kola - * breast, lap * beside the original kroda- * id khuddaka - ‘ small ' beside ksudraka-, vaiyavrtya- with Prakritic -v-, more commonly used than the original vaiydprtya- ‘ busi- ness or commission entrusted to one vicchitti- 4 carelessness in dress or decoration * which probably derives from viksipti and oja- 1 odd (of numbers) 1 which in later texts tends to replace the original aynja-. In the case of some words taken over from Prakrit there are nc Sanskrit originals, e.g. avahittha- ‘ dis- simulation chatd 4 heap, mass ' (Pkt. chadd) etc. Some words are disguised by false Sanskritisation ; e.g. karpata- ‘ragged cloth " is taken from Pkt. kappada - which itself represents
- kat-pata - ‘ inferior doth Likewise Pkt. ludda- ‘ hunter '
(ultimately identical with the name of the god Rudra-) is Sans- kritised as lubdhaka^ .as' if derived from lubh - 4 to be greedy', and Pkt. paraddhi- 4 hunting ' (from rabh- ‘ to attack ') is Sanskritised as paparddhi - meaning literally ‘ evil gain (3) The Greek and Iranian invasions of India from the North- West resulted in a limited number of loanwords from these sources being admitted into Sanskrit. These are dealt with in Chapter VIII. (4) Sanskrit received a considerable number of words from the substrate languages, Austro- Asiatic and Dravidian, parti- cularly from the latter. These are also dealt with in Chapter VIII. (5) The.tHerm.i^i is applied to those words in Prakrit which are derived from no Sanskrit equivalent. The number of such w r ords which can be explained out of Dravidian or some other source is comparatively small and will probably always remain so. They become still more abundant in the Modern Indo- Aryan period and present a philological problem which is not easy to solve*- On the whole classical Sanskrit avoids such words, but a number are incorporated, and in particular the Jain writers have adopted a fair number. §6 . Sanskrit and Prakrit During the whole period of its existence Classical Sanskrit had beside it as competitor Middle Indo-Aryan in its various forms, not only as a spoken language but also as a language of
