OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF SANSKRIT 45 r — can be ascribed to this. In addition there existed dialect areas containing features which find no place in Sanskrit* Quite early in the Vedic period there were extensive settlements of Indo- Aryans to the East (Kosala, etc.) and to the South (Avanti, etc,). The spoken language outside the area which was the home of classical Sanskrit differed in certain respects from the spoken language of this area. The term Old Indo-Aryan is sometimes used as alternative to Sanskrit, but this is incorrect, since there were other dialects of Indo- Ary an in addition to those on which Sanskrit is founded. The term Old Indo-Aryan should be used for the whole body of Indo-Aryan during the early period, and Sanskrit is not co-extensive with this. Of the non-Sanskritic dialects of Old Indo-Aryan no direct remains are preserved, and there would not be much to be said about it, if it were not for the fact that in the later Middle Indo- Aryan dialects a fair amount of material exists which cannot be explained out of Sanskrit, Vedic or Classical, but only out of equally ancient, but different forms of Indo-Aryan such as have been referred to above. A complete collection of such material has never been put together, but enough evidence is available to demonstrate the one-time existence of non-Sanskritic dialects of Old Indo-Aryan. The differences involved were not very great (as compared for instance with the early dialects of Iran- ian), but they are sufficient to be worth taking into account. Among the phonetic features we may note primarily the change of final -as to -e in contrast to its treatment as -0 in San- skrit and the later Prakrit dialects of the central area. This was a distinguishing feature of Eastern Indo-Aryan, but examples are a^Q found in the extreme North-West. In sure duhiti ' daughter of the sun * one dialectal form of this type is pre- served in the IJgveda. In place of Sanskrit k$ Middle Indo- Aryan forms sometimes show jh~ t jjh- t ggh in cases where Iran- ian has the sonant combination yz (Pkt. jharai ‘flows'. Pa. paggharati , SkLMsar-, Av. y£ar- t etc.). There are dialectal vari- ations in the treatment of ancient rH (f) ; OIA ur in place of Skt. ir is attested in some cases : Pkt. junria- * old * <*jurnd~ (: Skt. jirnd-), tuha- ‘ ford *<*turtha- (: Skt. tirthd-)* In some dialects ancient ~zd- was replaced by dd - instead of by single -d- with compensatory lengthening as in Sanskrit, e.g. Pa. nidda- : Skt. ni&d- ‘ nest In Pa. idha * here 1 a more ancient form of the word is preserved than in Skt. ihd, Pkt. sidhila-
