LOANWORDS IN SANSKRIT 375 European in origin, and their structure has been analysed above. On the other hand thic type of formation is not used to make such participles elsewhere in Indo-European, and the employ- ment of such adverbial forms to make a type of participle not familiar elsewhere is one of the special characteristics of Indo- Aryan. The same type of participle with the same kind of syntactic usage happens also to be a noteworthy feature of Dravidian. It may well be that the extensive use made of this formation in Sanskrit is partly due to the influence of Dravidian usage. Although a few points of this kind may profitably be exam- ined from the point of view of foreign influence, it is mainly in the vocabulary that detailed confirmation of such influence must be sought, and it is to an examination of this side of the problem that the present chapter is devoted. The basic vocab- ulary of Sanskrit is Indo-European, and it is this which has appeared in the preceding chapters, but in addition there exist large numbers of words which are without Indo-European etymology. In the very earliest language such words are few, but they progressively become more numerous. In the Middle Indo-Aryan period there is a further growth of new vocabulary, and again in the Modern Indo-Aryan languages there appears an abundance of words which are unknown to the earlier stages of the language. The tendency to substitute new words for inherited IE words has been permanently active in Indo-Aryan, Among common examples in Sanskrit we may note g hot aka- 4 horse ' which appears beside asva- in later Sanskrit and supplants it in the later history of Indo-Aryan, Similarly svdn- * dbg s gives way to kukkura- and its derivatives. It is not unusual to find pairs of names in Sanskrit, used equally commonly, of which one is non-Aryan, e.g. mar jar a- * cat ' ( mrj --) beside biddla vyaghrd-
- tiger ' beside sardula -, fksa - ' bear * beside bhalluka-. Some-
times the number of synonyms is much greater. The common word for elephant is hastin- (‘ possessed of a hand ’), but beside it, all in common use, we find gaja-, kunjara - p ibha ndga- and mdtanga Similarly beside mahisd- * buffalo ' we find other terms such as kdsara-, luldya -, sairibha - and heramba-. In such cases what are clearly local words, belonging originally to different languages have been adopted into Sanskrit, and the multiplicity of the Sanskrit vocabulary reflects an original
