THE VERB 361 merited by the union vowel i and appear as -is a-. In the early language there occurs only didh-i-sa - (dha~, beside dhitsa-) ; also i in certain cases where this enlargement has produced what is in practice an alternative form of the root (pxptsa-> jihisa -). The numerous classical formations in isa (which have normally guna of root as noted above) are complete innovations. From the desiderative there are made, though not in the earliest language : a future in isya : tiiiksisye , an is- aorist, dcikirsisam and a periphrastic perfect, ipsdm cakdrajdsa . Nominal derivatives from the desiderative stem occur earlier ; the most common are an adjective in -u (titiksu-) and an abstract noun in d [ntTmamsd). In most desiderative stems the meaning (' wish to do some- thing 'J is straightforward and clear, though sometimes it is rather 4 to be about to do something ’ (tnuntilrsaU) . In the case of a few roots the desiderative stem has developed a special meaning : cikitsa - 4 cure jugupsa - 4 despise titiksa - 4 endure bibhatsa- (bddh-) 4 abhor rnimdmsa- 4 investigate susrusa- 4 obey The antiquity of the desiderative in Indo-European is attested by the reduced forms (ditsa-, dipsa-) which have been affected by the old apophony. Nevertheless it is not widely represented, a fact which must be due to loss in the individual languages. The only branch of Indo-European outside Indo-Iranian where a comparable formation occurs is Celtic. Since there are no close relations between these two members of the family this is itself an indication that the formation is ancient. The Celtic formation to be compared is the Old Irish reduplicated s-future : 1 sg. -ninus <*niniksd (nigid 4 washes ', cf. Skt. nij-, des. ninths ati), 2 sg. -riris {con-rig 'binds'), 3 pi- lilsit from ligid 4 licks 1 (Skt. lih- t des. liliksati). §16. Denominative Verbs Denominative verbs are those that are formed on the basis of a noun stem. Ultimately, as already observed, all verbal stems are not to be distinguished from the corresponding noun stems, but they have acquired independence. The denominative proper is a formation by which verbal stems continue to be made from the nouns existing in the language. The suffix employed in making denominatives is accented -yd- y the same suffix which forms one of the "primary verbal classes ( divyati ).
