344 THE VERB porated into certain perfect forms: novit ‘knew', cf. Skt. jajnau ; plevit f filled cf. paprdu . A feature of the perfect conjugation is the frequency with which the connecting vowel -i- appears before the terminations that begin with a consonant : 2 sg. bubodhitha, 1 du. bubudhivd, 1 pi. bubudhimd, ... 3 pi. mid. bubudhire , etc. In the later lan- guage the -re of the 3 pi. mid. has it always. Before other con- sonantal endings except the 2 sg, act. it is taken by the vast majority of verbs. In the 2 sg. act. the unit forms allowed are more numerous, and a number of roots take optionally either form, e.g. ninciha, nindyitha. Roots in d have this option, but when taking -i- they appear in the weak form and the accent is transferred to the ending : dad&tha , dadithd. In the Veda the use of the union vowel is less extensive than in the classical language. As a general rule it appears after roots ending in a consonant provided the last syllable of the stem is a heavy one : vivdditha, ucimd, paptimd, etc., as opposed to tatdntha, yuyujma, etc. It is also taken by roots in -a (dadintd, dadhimd) but the type dadithd of the 2 sg. is unknown to the early usage. In Iranian the use of the auxiliary vowel is exceedingly rare which makes it clear that in the main its employment in the perfect (as elsewhere in the verbal system) is an innovation of Indo- Aryan. The perfect tense is widely represented in Indo-European, having been dropped only in Armenian and Balto-Slavonic. Perfects common to Sanskrit and other languages may be illustrated by such examples as the following : jajJna (Jan- ‘ to beget ') : Gk. yiyovt ; daddrsa (, drs - ‘ to see ’) : Gk. 8e8 o/>k« ; cicchida , cicchide ( chid - 4 to split ') : Lat. scicidt, Goth, skaiskaip ; diddia, didisd (dis~ ‘ to point out ') : Gk. 8e8et^a, Sc'Say/iai, Goth, ga-taih ; rirdca t ririci (tic- ‘ to leave Gk. AcAom-a, Lat. liqui, Goth, laih ; nineja , ninije (nij- ‘ to wash '), Ir. -nenaig ; tutdda, tutudur (tud- ‘to push'), Lat. tutudi, Goth, staistaut ; vavdrta ( vrt - 1 to turn '), Lat. vorti, vertt , Goth, warp ; dadhdrsa (1 dhrs - * to be bold '), Goth, ga-dars ; jaghina ( han - ‘ to slay '), Ir. 1 sg. -gegon, 3 sg. -gegoin. In some languages, notably Latin and Germanic, the redupli- cation is not an essential part of the perfect formation. It occurs with certain roots and is absent in the case of others. This corresponds more nearly to the original state of affairs in IE. The reduplication was, to begin with, no more an essential
