200 THE FORMATION OF NOUNS such cases are agnldhra- 4 belonging to the fire-kindler ' ( agnidh -) and dsvina- 4 a day's journey on horseback The exact details of the development of this use of vrddhi are somewhat obscure, but the material enables a number of observations about it to be made. The process began in the late Indo-Iranian period, developed rapidly in the pre-Vedic period of Indo-Aryan and continued to extend during the historical development of Sanskrit. The complete absence of any such formations in IE languages outside Indo-Iranian, makes it clear that it was a development confined to those languages, and the fact that in early Iranian examples of this vrddhi are exceed- ingly rare, shows that this type of formation was only in its beginning at the time of the separation of Indo-Aryan and Iranian. Iranian examples are O. Pers. mdrgava- 4 inhabitant of Margiana J , from margu- 4 Margiana Av. dhuiri - 4 belonging to Ahura- *, dhuirya- 4 son of a prince from ahura mdzdayasni- 1 belonging to the Mazdayasnian religion xsldvaenya- 4 de- scendant of Xstavi. The three suffixes -a, -i and -ya which occur in connection with vrddhi in these Iranian examples are the ones that most frequently occur in this connection in Sanskrit, and the suffix of the patronymic xsldvaenya is related to the -i dyana which makes patronymics in Sanskrit. The point of departure of this derivational vrddhi must be sought in the old IE phonetic vrddhi, which, as instanced from time to time above, is found sporadically in the radical syllable of nouns of primary derivation. Instances quoted are rajan - ' king bhdrman- 4 burden ', visas- 4 garment darn 4 wood sanu- 4 top grdhi - 4 seizure and the like. Examining some of the older cases of derivational vrddhi it can be seen that mdnavd- 4 man J , kdvyd- 4 one having the qualities of a kavi-, wise man dry a- 4 Aryan ', and nadyd - 1 born from a river ' and similar forms which from the point of view of Sanskrit show the vrddhi of' secondary derivation, are not essentially different in form from words like ddnava - * demon ', bhdvyd - 4 -which is to be ", vdrya- 4 to be chosen * and ddyd- 4 to be eaten ' which are either classified as primary formations^ or (in the case of ddnava etc.) are derived from primary formations with phonetic vrddhi. Likewise Skt. vdsard- 4 matutinal ; day J , would appear to have derivational vrddhi (cf. va$ar°), but elsewhere in Indo- European a long vowel is seen in the primary neuter (Gk. elap <*wesf, etc.). It may be assumed that primary formations
