THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 138 There are a fair number of neuters with the gradation -atra, e.g. ndksatra - ' lunar mansion' (naks- ‘to reach 1 ), patatra- 4 wing vddhatra- ‘ weapon ' ; with penultimate accentuation, krntatra- * piece cut off d-dtra - ' gift ' ; with taddhita accent, ksatrd- ‘ sovereignty ' ; post-Vedic kalatra- 1 wife flbo A thematic extension of an old neuter sar - stem appears in tdmisra- * darkness ' (cf. Av. tadra-) ; with l patsala - ‘ way ' Un, In Hittite there is a neuter suffix in - an (not alternating with -at) making primary verbal abstracts, henkan * death ', etc. The same suffix appears in the Greek infinitives in -ev and sporadically elsewhere (Lat. unguen). In Sanskrit the thematic extension of this suffix has become exceedingly productive in the formation of neuter action nouns from verbal roots. They frequently stand in opposition to agent noujis having the same suffix but accented on the last syllable : karana - nt. ‘ deed ', karand- masc. ' doing Examples with radical accent are ailjana- ‘ anointing, ointment ', cdyana - ‘ heaping up ’, ddr&ana - ‘ vision f pdtana- ‘ fall bhojana - ‘ enjoyment sddana - ' seat etc., etc. ; from a non-verbal root, sdmana- r assembly Such words sometimes appear with weak form of root, e.g. bhuvana- 1 world and, when the root-vowel is a , sometimes with vrddhi bhdjana - ‘ vessel There is a tendency in the later language to associate these latter formations with the causative of the verb, e.g. tar ana- ‘ crossing tirana - ‘ getting (somebody) across, delivering Penultimate accent is sometimes found : vrjdna- ‘ enclosure, settlement 1 (also vfjana-), krpdna - ' misery J (: krpand - 4 miserable '), damsdna- 1 wondrous deed ', vesdna-
- service dh-dna - ‘ wealth r-dna- * battle ' (cf. Av. armu -
•id*.). Similar neuter formations are found occasionally from the compound n-stems : vayuna- ' delimitation, appointed time ' (: v&d ‘limit, time, etc.'), karuna- ‘deed ' ; drdvina - 1 property 57 ~ JfHl*# vajina - ' race, contest ' ; vdtwna - 1 wage ' (J vi), r-dtna- ‘ treasure ’ (rd- ‘ to bestow ’) ; mdtasna- ‘ lung The neuter suffix menlmn could be extended by the suffix -t (Gk. adifjiaros gen. sg., etc., cf. the Hittite infinitive forms in - manzi , - wanzi ). This complex could also receive the thematic extension, Lat, augmentum, strdmentum , etc. There is one such example in Sanskrit, iromata - nt. * fame ' (-mat- <*--mnt-) , cf. OHG hliumunt , Germ. Leumund.
