no PHONOLOGY original Indo-lranian alternation ai , ai, i, an, au , u is modified in Sanskrit to at, e , i ; aw, 0, « of which e and o ceased to be diphthongs in pronunciation. The guna and vrddhi grades acquire the alternate forms ai, au, e, ojdy , dv, ay, av according as a consonant or vowel follows. Exx, Normal grade ; jdtum ‘ to conquer ' r jdyati ‘ conquers srotnm 4 to hear srdvana- 4 hearing Strengthened grade : ajaisam ' I conquered 1 (s.aor.), jigdya ' he conquered ' (perf.), dsrattsam * I heard susrava ‘ he heard Zero grade : jitd- 1 conquered srutd- ' heard (2) The liquids r , / were vocalised under the same conditions. Though l has been mostly merged with r Indo-lranian preserves the original sonant pronunciation, so the apophony remains simple. Guna : kdrturn 'to do 1 ; Vrddhi : cakara ' did ’ ; Zero : krtd ‘ done * jcakre 3 sg. perf. atm. ‘ did (3) The nasals were likewise capable of functioning as vowels, but here the situation is complicated by the change, in Indo-lranian as in Greek, of the sonant nasals to a. The series is therefore (1) an, am, (2) an, dm, (3) ajn, ajm, e.g. (1) gdmana- ' going hdnti ' slays (2) jag dm a ‘ went ', jaghana * slew (3) (a) hatd- ' slain gatd - 4 gone (b) ghndnti ( they slay jagmur 4 they went (4) Long d is sometimes original, that is to say it appears in the guna position, e.g. in the roots dha 1 to place id f to give and sthd 4 to stand It is elided in the zero grade like the ordinary guna vowel, e.g. dadhmds r dadmds . We have seen that this d is for aw (or in the IE system l, d, 0 are for ew x , en 2 , en t ). Thus we are dealing with the ordinary guna vowel in this apophony, and h which cannot function as a vowel but is elided in such positions. (5) The combinations in, 11H resulted in t, u, while in com- bination with corresponding diphthongs (-mi-, -euu-) the H disappeared without trace. So there arises an apophony cl > ojii, etc., beside the normal diphthongal apophony : (1) ndtum ‘ to lead ' jndyati f leads ’ ; homan ' invocation ' jhavana - ' id (2) anaisam 4 I led ' jndyaka- 1 leader 1 ; juhdva 4 called (3) nitd - ' lead hutd- 4 called (6) Sonant r followed by h resulted in Ir, ur, while in the corresponding guna grades it disappeared. In these cases we have the weak grade lr, ur in apophony with ar, dr : (1) tdrtum
