PHONOLOGY 98 kilpei ‘womb 1 ; kuthdra - ‘axe 7 : cf. kulisa- ‘id' and Lat. culter ‘ knife etc.; jada- ‘ cold, stiff, numb, dull ' <*jalda- : cf. Lat. gelidus, etc.; adhya - ‘ rich J : cf. rdh- ‘ to prosper a root which originally had l (Gk. do}xai etc,); puna- ‘stake, stipulation, hire, wages ' : Lith. pelnas ‘ gain, profit, earnings ' ; kuni- ‘ lame in the arm' <*kulni cf. Gk. kuAAo? {<kulnos); pasdna - ‘stone, rock': Germ Pels, etc.; bhas- ‘to bark', bkds- ' to speak Lith. Wsas ' voice Germ, bellan , etc. 1 In addition to these types of combinatory change, there has also been a considerable amount of spontaneous cerebralisation in Sanskrit, and it is possible to list a fair number of words in which a cerebral represents an original dental without any combinatory change being involved. Some instances of this kind have long been recognised, particularly where later San- skrit has cerebral as opposed to dental in the Veda: e.g. at- ‘ to wander di- ‘ to fly 7 , nadd- r reed as opposed to Vedic at-, dl- f nadd-. Other cases such as mani- ' jewel ' (Lat. monile) and sthtind ‘ column ' were also early recognised, and the cerebral was put down to Prakritic influence. Recently, however, it has become clear that this process has occurred in Sanskrit to a much greater extent than previously admitted, and that it is in most cases a genuine Sanskrit and not a Prakrit phenomenon. The following further examples illustrate the spontaneous change to cerebral: avatd- ‘ hole in the ground ' as opposed to Vedic avatd- ‘well'; kuntha- ‘blunt': NPers. kund, Bal. hunt] pinda- lump, mass': Arm. (<Ir.) pind ‘compact'; pandita - ‘ wise panda ‘ wisdom 7 : NPers. pand ‘ good advice ' ; kiita- ‘ hammer ' from *kuta- } cf. the root in Engl, hew, Lith. kduju
- strike OS1. kovati ‘ forge, hammer ', etc. ; koti- ‘ tip, point ' :
Lat. cautes, cautis ‘ sharp, jagged rock ' ; kadevara- ( > kalevara-) ‘ corpse ': Lat. cadaver . A small number of Sanskrit cerebrals are of Prakrit origin, e.g. bhata- ‘ soldier ' ( <bhrta-), nata - ‘ actor cf. nrt- ‘ to dance bhattdraka- ‘ lord cf. bhartr and atani- ‘ tip of bow ' beside earlier dr ini. There are some which occur in Dravidian loan- words: eda- ' goat', kuti- ‘hut, house', kathina- ‘hard', guda- ‘ bad. ', for which see Chapter VIII. In late Sanskrit some words with initial cerebral appear, which cannot be explained out of either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian: such are ! The change did not take place in words in which l was changed to r : e.g. urnd 1 wool ' (Lilt vilna, ch.) f jartu- * womb ’ as opposed to jdthdra - etc.
