PHONOLOGY 95 long in the Veda) : Av. mzrvzdlka- ; udhd- ‘ carried ' : vah- (<uzdha-, i.e. uzh+ia), ledhi "licks' ( <lezdhi f i.e. lezh + ti). A preceding short a may be either lengthened (tddhi<lazdhi for taks + dhi , dsadha- : sah -), turned into o (vddhum 4 to carry ' : vah - ; sodha 4 sixfold ' : sds) or turned into e : trnddhi 4 shatters ’ from the present base trndh- of trh-. Occasionally z is represented by d even in this position : dididdhi, mimiddhi , ririddhi from dis- 4 to point tnih- 4 to urinate ', rih- 4 to lick J ; saddhi beside sodha. The same varia- tion is seen in Pa, nidda kiddd which reflect a different dialectal treatment in Old Indo- Aryan. Between consonants 2 disappeared without trace : jagdhd- 4 eaten ’ <*jagzdha- (ja-ghs-ta-), as also did s (cf. dbhakta above). The combination sonant aspirate +s was in the Indo-Iranian period treated in the same way as the combinations of sonant aspirate -f 1 noted above. That is to say, in intervocalic posi- tion gh + $ gave gzh t and so on. Avestan preserves such voiced combinations though the aspiration as elsewhere is dropped : aoyzd 4 you said' (<augzha t i.e, augh --h sa) r diwzaihydi 'to injure' ( <dibzha i.e. di(d)bh + sa). Sanskrit has the surd combinations ks, ts, ps in these cases, but these have replaced original gih, dzh , bzh . The absence of aspiration in Vedic aduksai 4 milked dipsati 4 desires to injure coming under the general rule (§ 2) of the dissimilation of aspirates, presupposes forms like dhugzha-, dhi{d)bzha- where the rule could operate. On the other hand in final position, where these groups were surd and de-aspirated from the beginning (Aryan c dhuks nom. sg.) , there is never any loss of aspiration in Sanskrit, Furthermore there are a few cases in Sanskrit where jh, jjh appear instead of ks where such a voiced combination is in- volved : jdjjhat - 4 laughing ' (reduplicated formation from has-), nirjhara- 4 waterfall containing the root which normally appears as ksar- ( = Av. yzar-). These are Prakritisrns, and further examples are quotable from Middle Indo-Aryan : Pa. Pkt. jhdma- 4 emaciated r : Skt. ksdmd - ; jhay- 4 to burn ' : Skt. ksay - ; jhlna- 4 exhausted : Skt. kslnd Pali has also jagghati 4 laughs 1 with ggh instead of the more usual treatment -jjh-. In all these cases voiced combinations of the type pre- served in Av. yzar-, etc., are to be assumed, and the difference between these forms and the normal ks of Sanskrit is indicative of dialect variation in Old Indo-Aryan.
