This also applies when a sentence is split up into its independent words (padani) by removing the external sandhi, a process called sandhi vigraha. The immediate relevance is that the declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs is given in the form of independent words, which means that sandhi rules applicable to a following avasana have already been applied. So, when the word is used in a sentence, this sandhi must be removed: where the word is given in the tables with a final visarga, this should be replaced with an s before applying the visarga sandhi. 11. A. 2 Consonant Sandhi As a rule, a word may begin with any vowel or consonant except h m h h n r 1 , and may end (before an avasana or pause) with one of eight consonants ktt pn n m or h, or with any vowel except r and 1. The sandhi of words ending with a visarga (h) were discussed in ll.A.l; this table covers the remaining consonants. The first four of the final consonants are the alpaprana aghosa sparsa (except c) and the remaining three are nasals. As with the visarga sandhi, this table is split according to the following sound being ghosa or aghosa. The final aghosa (ktt and p) are basically replaced with the ghosa alpaprana consonant of the same mouth position when the following sound is ghosa, and remain unchanged when followed by an aghosa sound; but note that a final -t changes to the mouth position of a following talavya or murdhanya sound (both ghosa and aghosa), and observe its special changes before 1- h- and s- (in the last case the substitute replaces the following s- as well). Before an h- (which is ghosa) these four are replaced by their ghosa equivalents, and the h- is replaced by the mahaprana equivalent of that ghosa substitute (e.g. "^> ^T° => °" 3 ^T°). The kanthya nasal remains unchanged, while the dantya nasal (like the -t) changes to the mouth position of a following talavya or murdhanya ghosa sound, and to an anusvara and sibilant of the following mouth position of a following talavya, murdhanya or dantya aghosa; also note the special changes before 1- and s-. A final -m changes to anusvara before any consonant (see 8. A. 3 for pronunciation of the anusvara). There are no sandhi changes when a vowel meets a consonant, with two exceptions: when a word ends in a short vowel and the following word begins with ch-, then a c is inserted; secondly, when a word ends in -h or -n preceded by a short vowel, and the following word begins with a vowel, then the nasal is doubled, i.e.: -V ch- => -Vcch- -Vh V- => -VhhV- -Vn V- => -VnnV-
