1. When one of the five simple vowels (hrasva, short or dlrgha, long) meet a vowel of the same kind (hrasva or dlrgha), they are both replaced by the dlrgha measure of that vowel. a + a => a f + f => T u + u => u r + r => r Note that (£ is not shown here. It was mentioned earlier that the dlrgha measure of c£ is not used in the grammar (Section 1.A.4) and that ^f and (£ are savarna (Section 8. A. 2), so that when ^f meets ^f or (£, the result is ^f. 2. When 3T (hrasva or dlrgha) is followed by one of the five simple vowels other than 3T (hrasva or dlrgha), guna replaces both. a + T => e a + u => o a + f => ar a + 1 => al 3. When 3T (hrasva or dlrgha) is followed by a guna or vrddhi sound, the vrddhi sound replaces both. a + e => ai a + o => au a + ai => ai a + au => au 4. When a simple vowel (hrasva or dlrgha) other than a is followed by a different vowel, the first vowel is replaced by the antahstha of the same mouth position: f + V => yV u + V => vV f + V => rV 1 + V => IV where V stands for any different vowel.
