8. A. 3 Nasal Substitution for Anusvara The anusvara (see section 1.A.7) arises through the rules of sandhi: primarily it is the replacement for a final m before a consonant. There are two traditions for pronouncing the anusvara: one tradition always pronounces it as an anusvara (a 3*-like sound in Northern India, and JT-like further South); the other tradition substitutes the nasal that is savarna with the following consonant, i.e. if the following consonant is a sparsa (one of the twenty-five from ^> to JT) then the anusvara is sounded as the nasal of the same mouth position as the following letter — thus "H chcH is pronounced "H ^'CH, and "H^ll as "H ^1, and so on. The second tradition is much like the pronunciation of 'n' in English: sound the words 'wink', 'winch', and 'wind' — prolonging the nasal if necessary — and note that the mouth position is determined by the following letter. Before ya la or va the anusvara may optionally be sounded as a nasalized version of that letter, for example "^PTFT may be pronounced as "^P^TPT. Monier-Williams, in his dictionary, follows the tradition of substituting the savarna nasal before a sparsa (the twenty-five from ka to ma), but not before an antahstha. It would be useful (for these lessons at least) to practise that method. 8. A. 4 Devanagarl Numerals The numbers one to ten respectively are expressed in Sanskrit as eka dva tri catur pancan sas saptan astan navan dasan. The numerals use the familiar order of significance, so that 1234 is written as ?Q38. Here are the ten numerals in devanagarl script, ordered to 9:
