ati- beyond, over, across, past, surpassing, to excess adhi- over, above, upon, on, onto ami- after, along, like, towards, following apa- away, off, from, forth api- over, on, close, proximate abhi- to, towards, into, against, near, opposite ava- down, off, away, from a- towards, to, near, into, at, from, back, return, (reversing) ud- up, upwards, out, above upa- towards, near, to, next to, less, down, under dur- bad, difficult, hard dus- bad, difficult, hard ni- down, in, on, under, into nir- away, out, forth nis- away, out, forth para- back, backwards, away, forth, to a distance pari- around, about pra- before, forward, forth, onward, fore prati- against, towards, to, at near, back, again, return, (reversing) vi- apart, asunder, away, out, implying separation or dispersion sam- with, together, along with, conjoined with su- good, excellent, well The above list is included here for reference only, and should not be learned; however, a familiarity with the Sanskrit forms will be useful. An upasarga may simply emphasize the original sense of the dhatu, but usually modifies the sense; sometimes the changes is so great as to make the sense of the original dhatu quite unrecognizable, for example: dhatu hr to take away pra-hr to hit a-hr to eat sam-hr to destroy vi-hr to roam pari-hr to abandon
