4.B.2 More on Nouns Cases The third (trtlya) case ending indicates the 'instrument' in relation to the verb: it is that 'by means of which' the action is accomplished. For example, 'he goes home by car', 'he cuts the wood with an axe': note that here 'with' has the sense of 'by means of, but in English it may also be used in the sense of accompaniment, for example, 'he goes home with an axe', but this does not convey the sense of instrumentality. The fourth (caturthl) case ending indicates the indirect object, the recipient or beneficiary or purpose of the action. For example, 'he gives the food to the dog', 'he makes a kennel for the dog', 'he works for money'. The fifth (pancaml) case ending indicates the place from which the action begins. For example, 'he walks from the river', 'he falls from the tree'. It may also express cause or motive: 'out of anger he strikes the boy'. eka-vacana dvi-vacana bahu-vacana prathama narah dvitlya naram trtlya narena caturthl naraya pahcamT narat narau narau narah naran narabhyam naraih narabhyam narebhyah narabhyam narebhyah
- the generic ending is -ena, but this changes to -ena due to internal sandhi. This
will be given more fully in a later lesson (11. A. 3), but for the time being accept that this change occurs after 'r' or 's' in the same word, thus asvena but vrksena.
