Lesson 3.B 3.B.1 More on Verbs The personal endings of verbs given thus far are called parasmai-pada ('an expression for another') because the fruit, or result of the action, is transmitted to another. These are the normal endings for an active transitive verb. The atmane- pada ('an expression for oneself) personal endings used in the active form of the verb (called the middle voice) imply an action whose fruit reverts to oneself: this does not mean reflexive. By way of illustration, the sentence "I married her" would be expressed in atmane-pada or parasmai-pada when spoken by the husband or priest respectively. Some verbs are conjugated in one pada only, some in both, and some partly in one and partly in another. The division is not at all definite, and has come to be a matter of conventional usage; nevertheless many verbs do retain the formal distinction between parasmai-pada (active voice) and atmane-pada (middle voice). parasmai-pada atmane-pada eka- dvi- bahu- eka- dvi- bahu- vacana vacana vacana vacana vacana vacana prathama- ,. , ■■ ,. , , , purusa nayati nayatah nayanti nayate nayete nayante "^purusa 11 ^ navas i nayathah nayatha nayase nayethe nayadhve uttama- _._, _, _, _, purusa nayami nayavah nayamah naye nayavane nayamane These are the only two forms of personal endings to verbs that will be used in this course. When verbs are presented for use in the exercises, they will be presented in the form: 1/nT nayate he leads. where the dhatu is followed by the eka- vacana prathama-purusa form, and the English translation of that form. Many of the verbs in this course may be conjugated in either pada, but within the limits of the simple sentences in the exercises, please use the pada given: in the case of dhatu nT for example, use the atmane-pada endings.
