CHAPTER IX-CALCULATIONS RELATING TO SHADOWS. 275 CHAPTER IX. CALCULATIONS RELATING TO SHADOWS. 1. That Jina, Santi, who bestows peace upon people, is the lord of the world, knows all beings, and is (ever) growing in influence through his eight miraculous powers-to him, who has vanquished the hosts of his enemies, I bow in salutation. In the beginning, we shall give out the means of determining the eight directions commencing with the east. 2. On an even ground-surface which is (a horizontal plane) like the upper surface of water, a (perfectly) round circle should be drawn with the aid of a looped string having twice the length of an optionally chosen style (fixed in the centre). 3. The shadow of that optionally chosen style fixed in the centre of that circle touches the (circumferential) line of that circle at the beginning of the day as also at the time forming the close of the day. By this, the western direction and the eastern direc- tion are pointed out in order. 4. By means of the string running in the line of these two (ascertained) directions, a fish-shaped figure (or lune) should be 4 The string with the aid of which the fish-shaped figure is drawn should be longer than the radius of the circle drawn according to starza 2 above. If OE and OW in the annexed diagram represent the eastern and the western directions, W NPSR will be the lune drawn by describing two circles with centres respectively at E and W and with ER and WP as equal radii. The line NS cutting the angles of the lune marks the northern and the southern directions. R S N E
