312 Birds in Sanskrit Literature the Sarus while the harsh-voiced Demoiselle is mentioned only occasion- ally either as or simply as r. During the later Vedic period when. the Brāhmanas and the Samhitäs like the तैत्तिरीय, वाजसनेयी, etc. were com piled the Flamingo (Art. 83) and the Common Crane, both very common in the North-West and further East, were the first to be named or and respectively. It is quite probable that the resident Indian Crane, with a trumpeting call similar to that of the Common Crane, was also in- cluded within the terms. Later on it came to be distinguished from the Common Crane principally because of its red head and larger size and name -. The lexicographers, as seen from the synonymies collected in section B, have since maintained the distinction between the Common Crane as and the Indian Crane as or and treated the other species. of Crane simply as varieties of the Sarus. The next step was probably to separate the Demoiselle as कुरर, नीलाङ्ग सारस, and कर्करेट, the Great White Crane as पुष्कर or श्येन-सारस, and the Black necked species as नीलकण्ठ-सारस as we shall presently see. That is how we find and put together and all the rest either defined as ur or put under that name in mixed synon- ymies like those in B (f), (g), and (h). At the same time a vague con- sciousness that they were all allied forms, i.e. were merely varieties of was also present and we have a name like for the Demoiselle with a harsh note quite unlike that of the trumpeting Cranes, and the Sarus proper described under the name of in the second introductory chapter of the TT. The Buddhist work fera (circa 300 A.C.) has a verbal form from root for 'trumpeting of an elephant (M.W., Appendix) which makes it highly probable that the term was applied principally to such Cranes as have a trumpeting call note. कुछ 5. The first equation with and was synonymous terms, though slightly incorrect, may be taken to imply that they refer to two birds possessing some features in common. The name क्रुद्र-क्रुञ्च (क्रुञ्च-कौटिल्याल्पीभावयोः, to be crooked or to shorten) stands for a bird capable of curving or contracting some important part of its body, e.g. a long and flexible neck, and क्रौञ्च (शुञ्चेव आकृतिरस्य) for one resembling the कुञ्च Allied to root क्रुद्र-कुच् is the root which means 'to curve or bend' and also 'to sound'. Root again may have contaminated the root and the idea of 'making a sound' is perhaps involved in or associated with the word. During the later efgar and wg period and meant Flamingo, and the Illustrative passages from literature are quoted later on.
- The rendering of
and as "the curlaw on snipe" in the Vedic Index of Names and Subjects is pure guesswork and wholly incorrect. For Curlaw and Snipe see Art. 72. Similarly the entry-an osprey' against on the authority of some lexicon in M.W. is incorrect and is due to a misunderstanding of the name which means both a crane (the a) as well as the fishing Eagles including the Osprey (Arts. 50 and 52). Cranes Common Crane, the former having a very long and flexible neck and the latter a long neck and a powerful voice: (i) अद्भ्यः क्षीरं व्यपिवत् त्रुङ्गिरसो धिया। वा. सं. 19.73 (ii) इन्द्राग्निभ्यां क्रुञ्चन् । Ibid. 24.22; मैत्रा. सं. 3.14.3 (iii) ऋञ्चौ श्रोणिभ्याम् | Ibid. 25.6 (iv) क्रौंच बृहस्पते : ( सामन्) । छान्दोग्योपनिषद् 2.22 313 (v) वाग्वं कौश्चम् | ताण्डघब्राह्मण, 11.10.19 (vi) उच्च क्रौञ्चमिव वषट् कुर्यात्स्वर्गकामस्य । हिरण्यकेशी श्रौतसूत्र, 21.2.44 In the first three of the above passages and refer to the Flamingo as a long necked bird having the power of separating site from a (Art. 83). The others refer to the Common Crane with a loud and sonorous trumpeting call which is the relevant element in each case. According to the commentary on Aphorism, 11 of the average the enfat hymns have to be recited in a tone lying between the 3 (low) and the (high) defined as are or which would seem to connect the bird and its name with the (to cry) or high note. 6. The synonymies in B (ii) describe the birds as 'birds of the autumn' (f) and 'flying in formation' (f), while is a with a harsh voice' (खरशब्द, अपस्वर).). The epithets वत्रचन्चु (curved or bent bill), (having red in the plumage), (living on minute water plants) and g(lotus-eyed) belong to the Flamingo, regarded as a kind of. The equations in B (iii) exclusively refer to the the Demoiselle Crane, as te corresponding to its Hindi name, fear, both after its call, 'kurr-kurr-kurr' (to red.). The series in B (iv) contains a mixed list of names and adnouns apparently for the Sarus alone but including the Great White Crane ( पुष्कराहब, श्येनाव्य), the Black-necked (fres) and even the White Stork (uz) regarded as a allied to the Great White Crane (Art. 81). All these will be dealt with more fully when we take up the individual species for consideration. Returning to the term which is also specific for the Common Crane it is to be noted that in later literature it has been utilized as a base for coining the names of some Storks, Herons and also the Flamingo, all sharing the common feature of a long and flexible neck with a tor Crane; and which have happily been described as far (resembling the in general outline) by at 4.48 of his book. We thus have f for the Purple Heron; for the Bitterns and Night-Herons (Art.82); eft for the Spoon-bill (Art.79); far for the Black Stork; and are for the Flamingo (Art.83), and finally the Open-bill Stork has been mentioned simply as a in the following:-
- Marathi Tr is directly from Sansk. for this Crane.
