286 Birds in Sanskrit Literature that the Grey, the Blue-Breasted and the Black-breasted Quails have no spur at all. These differences had certainly been noticed by the ancients and they therefore differentiated the Bush Quails as बर्तीर or बर्तीरिक, डल्हणाचार्य describes are as "af" i.e. a little Partridge' and the lexical synony- my, वर्तीरोऽल्पकपिजल:"-कल्पद्रुकोश, brings out the same fact. The expressions अल्प- कपिज्जल and लघुजाङ्गल mean the same thing and the equation "लावको लघुजाङ्गल" --विकाण्डशेष, fully corresponds to the one from कल्पद्रुकोश. But it shows that the Bush Quails came later to be looked upon as varieties of a (- प्रकारायें कन्). The names वर्तीर and वर्तीरिक therefore belong to Rock and Jungle Bush Quails of North India. As a result of their inclusion into the लाव group, however, they came to be distinguished as पांसुल-and गैरिक-साव (see below). r and fashould be simply a wild as against a pet or domesticated Quail, as all, except the Rock Bush Quail, live in the Jungles. The above four-fold division of these seemingly similar birds as noted in para I above is indeed creditable to the Indians of at least two thous- and years ago, for they must have been distinguished long before and adopted the classification in their works. 5. The Bustard-Quails, including the species called Button-Quails, have only three toes and lack the hind toe. Outwardly they bear a close. resemblance to the true Quails but are definitely smaller in size. They are the लाव of चरक and लोपा of the वाज, संहिता. The Bustard and Button Quails together with the Rock-and Jungle and Bush-Quails came later to be classified into four varieties of as follows:- "गैरिक: पांसुल व पौण्ड्रको दर्भरस्तथा । लावश्चतुर्विधः प्रोक्तः तित्तिरिः द्विविधस्तथा ॥ – डल्हणाचार्य on सुश्रुत "लावा विष्किरवर्गेषु ते चतुर्धा मता बुधैः । पांसुलो गौरकोऽन्यस्तु पौण्ड्रको दर्भरस्तथा ॥" - भावप्रकाश and धन्वन्तरिनिघण्टु, The first question to be decided in this connection is whether the names. are related to the colour-pattern-which is very variable in all members of the group--or to the habitat of the birds. Considering however the facts (i) that animals and birds have been divided into and accord- ing as they occupy dry and wet zones respectively, and (ii) that their food values, from the point of view of medicine, are related to the habitat, it would appear that the above names also refer to the type of country. favoured by these little birds. The name in the second verse has an alternative reading of गैरिक under "लाव" in the अष्टाङ्गहृदयकोश and also in मदन- Tafa (Bom. Edn.) and the latter (f) appears to be the correct reading. In the first place, the term ff cannot be related to any particular type of country and can only refer to the colour of the bird's plumage, but in this case it would seem to come in conflict with in a similar sense (i.e. of the colour of the pale variety of sugarcane). Secondly if t Peafowls, Junglefowls, Pheasants, and Quails 287 is taken in the sense of 'having a gu mark on the head, the term would apply almost to all Quails which cannot have been intended. It is there- fore suggested that the four names including fee should be interpreted with reference to the type of land favoured by the birds. As all the Bustard-Quails have similar habits and confine themselves to grass-land or crops including sugar-cane, they would fall within the and [पौण्ड्रक groups and it is difficult to pick out birds which prefer hills (faft) or sandy areas to grass or crops. In other words no Bustard Quails can be classified as f or Tiger and one is forced to include both the species of Bush Quails of North India in this so-called a group to complete the series. Bush-Quails are definitely smaller than the common Quail and therefore came to be treated as varieties of . The equation "artag" fully bears this out and they are actually known as in Hindi. This view finds further support from the fact that the generic names of and gg for Bush- Quails, viz., rfffee and eff, have been completely omitted from ww and aff. The following classification is based on the above consider- ations. (1) air-the Rock Bush-Quail (7") which avoids forest hills and dense vegetation, and is chiefly found in sandy or rocky ground. It is one of the wife group and is the of the equation "लावको लघुजाइ गलः". (2) ff -The Jungle Bush-Quails (6") which frequents hills (faft), thick bush and forest. Another member of the art group. (3)-the Button-Quails (5.5-6.5") of the Indo-Gangetic plain and lower Himalayas found in young sugarcane (5%) and borders of cultivation (Stuart Baker). (4) The Bustard-Quails (6"-6.5") chiefly found in grass or low bush. Their local names are after the names of grass, e.g., the Burmese Bustard-Quail is fafres (fr. in Nepal and Bihar; the Common Bustard-Quail is T or gaf (kinds of grass) in North India and Ratnagiri; and the Calcutta Bustard-Quail is also at. The only improvement that this classification makes upon that of the old authorities is that the original wr group has been divided into it and se corresponding to the Bustard-and Button-Quails of Stuart Baker (in F.B.I.). Curiously enough ser felt sure about the ff and but not about and पौण्ड्रक which are the true लाव of चरक and सुश्रुत for he says, "गैरिकपाशुली प्रसिद्धी, पौण्ड्रकदर्भरी देशान्तरे लोकादवगन्तब्यौ" । 6. The e gives a few additional and odd names, probably of Prakritic origin and also perhaps corrupt in spelling which need not detain. us, but two of them कूणि: (कूणी ?) and कुमारक: are probably connected with the breeding habits of the Bustard-Quails. These live chiefly in grass and low bush but are seldom seen, except when disturbed. The bird then rises
