KARANA then begins and continues till the Moon is 36° in advance of the Sun; and so on. 131 A lunar month is divided also into two halves, the light half and the dark half. The light half begins at new moon and continues till full moon, and the dark half begins at full moon and continues till new moon. Evidently there are fifteen tithis in each half. The tithis falling in the two halves are numbered 1, 2, 3, ... The text gives the method for finding the number of tithis elapsed since new moon, and the time elapsed at sunrise since the beginning of the current tithi. Calculation of the karana: 33. The karanas (elapsed) are obtained by taking "half the measure of a titki (i.e., 360 minutes)" for the diviser, and are counted with Bava. But the number of karanas elapsed in the light half of the month should be diminished by one, where- as those elapsed in the dark half of the month should be increa- sed by one. This is what has been stated.¹ The karana is half a tithi, so that there are 60 karanas in a lunar month. These karanas are divided into 8 cycles of 7 movable karanas, bearing the names Bava, Bālava, Kaulava, Taitila, Gara, Vanija, and Visti respectively, and 4 immovable karanas, bearing the names sakuni, Catus- pada, Nāga, and Kimstughna respectively. 1 That is to say: If it is the light half of the month, divide the true longitude of the Moon as diminished by that of the Sun, reduced to minutes, by 360. The quotient diminished by one should be divided by seven and the remainder obtained should be counted with Bava. This gives the karaṇa elapsed before sunrise. If it is the dark half of the month, subtract the longitude of the Sun from that of the Moon, and diminish that difference by six signs. Reduce it to minutes and divide by 360. The quotient increased by one should be divided by seven and the remainder obtained should be counted with Bava. This gives the karana elapsed before sunrise. The time elapsed at sunrise since the beginning of the current karaṇa should be determined from the remainder obtained in the division by 360, as in the case of the tithi. This rule is found to occur also in KK (Sengupta's edition), i. 27; SiDV, I, ii. 24; Sise, iii. 77; Siśi, I, ii. 66.
