74 DIRECTION, PLACE AND TIME Kamalakara has followed Sripati.¹ Parameśvara has also made a similar statement. He says: "The Sun's northern or southern hemisphere (gola) and the Sun's northerly or southerly course (ayana) should be determined from the point where the Sun rises and from the decrease or increase of the (midday) shadow (of a gnomon) on two consecutive days".³ Certain astronomers decided the Sun's quadrant on the basis of the seasons. For example, Bhāskara II writes : "The quarters of the year are known from the characteristics of the seasons, so I will describe them afterwards".4 A rule for the determination of the latitude with the help of the Sun's meridian zenith distance and declination : 17. When the Sun is in the northern hemisphere (and the shadow of the gnomon falls towards the north), add the (Sun's) declination and the (Sun's) meridian zenith distance; when the Sun is in the southern hemisphere, or when the (midday) shadow (of the gnomon) falls towards the south (of the gnomon), take their difference: the sum or difference thus obtained is the latitude.5 A rule for finding the Rsine of the Sun's altitude or zenith distance from the time elapsed since sunrise in the forenoon or from the time to elapse before sunset in the afternoon : 18-20. Add the (Sun's) ascensional difference derived from the local latitude to or subtract that from the asus (elapsed since sunrise in the forenoon or to elapse before sunset in the afternoon) according as the Sun is in the southern or northern 1 See SiTV, iii. 192-193. 2 अर्कस्योदयस्थानवशात् दिनद्वयोत्थयोश्छाययोर्न्यूनाधिकभावशाच्चाऽत्र गोलायने वेद्ये । See Parameśvara's comm. on SuSi, ii. 19. 4 Sisi, II, xi. 38. 5 This rule is found also in SüSi, iii, 15-16; BrSpSi, iii. 13; LBh, iii. 34; Sise, iv.13.
