INTRODUCTION XXXV after the word dru (wood) in the sense of a measure, māne vayah (IV. 3. 162). A similar popular clarification, avoiding Panini's aphorisms, is seen in the next word payyam, having the same meaning. मीयतेऽनेनेति पाय्यम् । धात्वादेर्मकारस्य पकारादेशः । (p. 604) although the grammatical explanation is that Pāṇini has used the word 'irregularly in the sutra: payyasāmnāyya... (III. 1. 129). The avatārika-s or brief introductions to new subjects, when a large number of topics are dealt with in a Varga by Amara, facilitate the location of a connected topic in a con- tinuous text. Thus in the beginning of the Brahmavarga in Kanda II when Amara lists the words for the offsprings of the people of all classes Sūrin has the avatārikā: 3 इदानीं सर्ववर्णानां संकीर्णजातीनां सामान्यसंततेर्नामानि प्रथममाह – संततिरिति । - (p. 451) Similarly when Amara begins the topic of cowherds, etc. immediately after enumerating words like paryaptam and yathepsitam, Sūrin's brief introduction to the new topic of protection of cows' is quite necessary and welcome: idānīm pāśupalyam āha (p. 588). When Amara begins the Sūdravarga, Sūrin introduces it appropriately as the next subject in the series dealing with Brahmaṇa, Kṣatriya and Vaiśya topics. अथ क्रमप्राप्तां शूद्रवर्गविवृतिमुपक्रमते । (p. 620) Although Amara gives only the names of Varga-s, the separate mention of the heads of subjects by Surin is extremely useful, e.g. kitaprakaranam samaptam (p. 337), asvaprakaranam samāptam (p. 515). The concluding verses of Amara at the end of the Kända-s (kändasamāpti) are fully explained by Sürin, giving such hints as
