विराग omission of a consonant, some- times when it is preceded and also followed by another consonant, as if it were squeezed between the two; this is no doubt looked upon as a fault; e.g. the omission of the consonant द् in उपमा षट् द्रा द्वा uttered as उपमा षट् वा द्वा; cf.अन्योन्येन व्यञ्जनानां विरागः R. Pr.XIV where Uvvaṭa explains विराग as लोप्. विराम an ancient term used in the Prātiśākhya works for a stop or pause in general at the end of a word, or at the end of the first member of a compound, which is shown split up in the Padapāṭha, or inside a word, or at the end of a word, or at the end of a vowel when it is followed by another vowel. The duration of this virāma is different in different circum- stances; but sometimes under the same circumstances, it is describ- ed differently in the different Prātiśākhyas. Generally,there is no pause between two consonants as also between a vowel and a conso- nant preceding or following it.The Taittirīya Prātiśākhya has given four kinds of विराम (a) ऋग्विराम, pause at the end of a foot or a verse of duration equal to three mātrās or moras, (b) पदविराम pause between two words of duration equal to two matras; e. g. इषे त्वा ऊर्जे त्वा, (c) pause between two words the pre- ceding one of which ends in a vowel and the following begins with a vowel, the vowels being not euphonically combined; this pause has a duration of one matra e,g. स इधानः, त एनम् , (d) pause bet- ween two vowels inside a word which is a rare occurrence; this has a duration of half a mātrā;e.g- प्रउगम्, तितउः; cf. ऋग्विरामः पदविरामो विवृत्तिविरामः समानपदविवृत्तिविरामस्त्रिमात्रो |
द्विमात्र एकमात्रोर्धमात्र इत्यानुपूर्व्येण T. Pr. XXII. 13. The word विवृत्ति is ex- plained as स्वरयोरसंधिः. The vivṛtti- virāma is further divided into वत्सानुसति which has the preceding vowel short and the succeeding long, वत्सानुसारिणी which has the pre- ceding vowel a long one and the succeeding vowel a short one, पाकवती which has both the vowels short, and पिपीलिका which has got both, the vowels long. This four- fold division is given in the Śikṣā where their duration is given as one mātrā, one mātrā, three-four- ths of a mātrā and one-fourth of a mātrā respectively. The dura- tion between the two words of a compound word when split up in the पदपाठ is also equal to one mātrā; cf. R.Pr.I.16. The word विराम occurs in Pāṇini's rule विरामोs वसानम् P.I. 4.110 where commen- tators have explained it as absence; cf. वर्णानामभावोवसानसंज्ञः स्यात् S.K.on P. I.4.110: cf. also विरतिर्विरामः । विरम्यते अनेन इति वा विरामः Kāś. on P.I.4.110. According to Kāśikā even in the Saṁhitā text, there is a duration of half a mātrā between the various phonetic elements, even between two consonants or between a vowel and a consonant, which, however, is quite imperceptible; cf. परो यः संनिकर्षो वर्णानां अर्धमात्राकालव्यवधानं स संहितासंज्ञो भवति Kāś. on P. I.4.109, cf. also विरामे मात्रा R.T.35; cf. also R.Pr.I.16 and 17. For details see Mahābhāṣya on P.I.4.109 and I.4.110. विरीसच् tad. affix विरीस or बिरीस appli- ed to the word नि in the sense of flatness of nose. See बिरीस above; cf. P. V. 2.32. विरोध opposition or conflict between two rules where, the rule which is subsequently mentioned is |
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