THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS 243 (pat : padds, etc.) and (2) Heteroclitic Declension (tidhar, udhnas, etc.). The strong tendency of Sanskrit to nasalise the stem in the strong cases has also been noted (vidvan, vidvAm- saw, vidusas ) . It spreads by analogy from those cases where it is historically justified ( bhdvan , bhdvantam, bhdvatas , etc.) and it is paralleled by a similar development in the neuter plural. § 6 . Stems in y Sing. Xom. pitA, acc. pitdram , ddtaram , instr. pitra , dat. pitre , gen.-abl. pitur, loc. pitdri , voc, pitar. Du. N.A.V. pit dr an, datdrau, I.D. Ab. pitfbhydm , G.L. pitros ; PI. N. pitaras , daturas, Acc. pitfn , mdtfs , I. pitfbhis, D. Ab. pitfbhyas , G. pitfnAm , L. pitfsu. The fact that the stems in r are classed in Sanskrit as vocalic stems rather than consonant stems is due to certain develop- ments of Sanskrit which have tended to enhance their vocalic character. This appears particularly in the acc. and gen. plur., forms which are Sanskrit innovations. On the analogy of the consonantal stems the acc. plur, would have been pitrds , but this is replaced by a new form in -fn, based on the analogy of -an, -in, - iin . By this process Sanskrit creates a new long vowel f which has no phonetic basis among the inherited IE sounds. The old type of gen. pi. appears in Av. dugddram , etc. In San- skrit it is preserved occasionally in the Veda, e.g. ndram (: Osc. nerum ), gen. pi. of ndr- * man and once svdsrdtn. Else- where it has been replaced by the innovation -fndm, created by the same type of analogy on the pattern of -dndtn, ~indm, - unam . In the vrddhied nom. sing, the r is elided in the same way as the -n of n - stems (piti : raja) . This elision appears also in Iranian (Av. mala, etc.), Baltic (Lith. moil, sesuo) and Slavonic (O. SI. mati). In other languages the -r of the stem is preserved (Gk. fxrjTTjp, etc.). The acc. sg. has guna of the suffix in most of the names of family relationship (mat dr am, duhitdram, etc.), but in svasr- ' sister and in the agent nouns in - tr vrddhi appears which has been introduced from the analogy of the nom. sg. The same distinction appears in the nom. acc. du. and nom. pi. In the weakest cases the old type of inflection, with transference of the accent to the termination is normally pre- served, Elsewhere in IE this type is found in the conservative names of relationship (Gk. Trarpos* narpi, Lat. patris , etc.), be-
