THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 164 There are a number of miscellaneous stems made by the addition of various suffixes to s-stems. Such are : bhtsd 4 fear mantsd 4 understanding savasi 4 strength ", tdvisi 4 id sarasi - ' lake ' ; plusi 1 flea " (Jplu-), dhdst- 4 abode ", sdnasi- 4 victor- ious dharnasi- 4 strong ", atasi- 4 beggar " ; ddksu-, dhdksu- 4 burning 1 ; bhujisya- 1 free " ; the rare infinitival forms avyathisyai 4 not to tremble “ and rohisyai ; masttska - 4 brain ' ; naristd "joking"; updstha- "lap" (cf. updsi), vanisthu - 'en- -cmC trails " (cf. Germ, wanst ; different suffix in Lat. venter). En- largement with the suffix -ti appears in a fair number of ex- amples : gdbhasti- 4 hand ", palasti - ' grey-haired * (cf. palitd - ' id ’), pulasti- 4 having straight hair ' (cf. pulaka- 4 bristling of the hairs of the body '), Agdsti n. of a rsi. This suffixal combina- tion is well developed in Slavonic, where, however, it makes abstract nouns (O. SL dlugosti 4 length ", etc.). It appears also in Hittite with the same function : dalugaiti 4 length On the other hand it appears occasionally in Latin in adjectival use, as in Sanskrit : agrestis 4 rural ", caelestis 4 celestial ", From is- and us- stems there appear formations of the same kind : ndvisti- 4 hymn of praise ", pdnisti- f admiration ", tatanusti- 4 spreading out §14. The Suffix t The suffix t existed with functions like the above simple suffixes, but as an independent suffix it has become much rarer. It also very rarely provides neuters, since the tendency was from a very early period to incorporate the stems ending in occlusives into the common gender system. Its original function as one of the primary neuter suffixes is seen most clearly when it serves as an extension of the neuter r- and n- stems, e.g. in Skt. sdkrt , ydkrt and in Gk. x € W a > gen. s g* X € W ar °s * winter " (but the corresponding -nt- stem in Hittite, gimmant- 4 winter ", is com- mon gender). Similarly the primitive suffix t on which the suffix -t-ar has been built may be presumed to have been neuter. Apart from this there remain in the various languages a few sporadic instances of a neuter suffix t: Skt. pfsat- "drop", upatdpai- 4 fever ' ; Gk. /xeAi (for *jueAtr) , Hitt, rnilit 4 honey " ; Gk. yd Aa, ydXaKTos, Lat. lac , lactis 4 milk ", Lat. caput 4 head The use of the simple suffix /, in the common gender, to make action nouns and abstracts, is fairly well developed in Hittite, e.g. kartimmiatt - ' anger ", duSkaratt - ' joy They are rare else- where, but where they occur such nouns have normally acquired
