40 OUTLINES OF THE HISTORY OF SANSKRIT meal etc.), bhrsti- 4 spike ' (Av. °bar9sti~, cf, Engl, bristle , etc.), pajas- 4 surface 1 (Khot. pdysa-, Sbgd. p’z 4 face '), mr&ika- ' mercy J and related words (Av. mdrdzdika-), mdrya - 1 young man ' (cf. Gk. /xetpaf ' lad ’ and the Marianni of the Mitanni documents), miyidha - ' sacrificial offering 1 (Av. myazda-), midhd- "reward, prize* (A w mizda~, Gk. puo66^ t etc.), ydhu-, yahvd- 4 young, youngest, latest * (Av. yazu-, f. yezivi ' id *), yds 4 welfare, rightness * (Av. yaos, Lat. ius) , rodasi * the two surfaces (of heaven and earth) (Av. raodah raoda- 1 face Pers. toy 4 id ’), vddhri- 1 castrated ’ (Gk. iOpls ‘ castrated ram *), vasna- 4 price, value * (cf. Lat. venum , Gk. dwo?, etc., Hitt, ussania- ‘ to sell ’), v&ja- 4 prize, booty ', vtdu- r strong, firm ', ven- 4 to long for ', sdma- 4 hornless * (cf. Gk. K€fids 4 young deer Lith. hnulas 4 without horns '), stprd 4 moustache sund- 4 welfare iyeta - 4 orphan 1 RV. i. 71. 4 (cf. Av. sue , 0. SI. situ, etc.), sap-, sdparya - 4 to attend to re- ligious ceremonies * (Gk. enuj 4 attend to Lat. sepelio 4 bury *), sas - ' to sleep * (Hitt. sel-) stigh- 4 to step, stride * (Gk. crreix w > Goth, steigan , etc.), syond - * soft, gentle haras - ' heat ' (Gk. dlpos ' summer Arm. jer "warm weather*), hary - "to be pleased, exhilarated * (Gk. x<uptu ‘ rejoice ’). The existence of homonyms frequently results in the sup- pression of one of such pairs. The early Vedic language pos- sessed dsura- 1 4 lord * (Av. dhura-) and dsura - 2 ' demon '. Only the latter is in use from the later Vedic period onwards. Similarly of the pair ari - 1 ' devoted, trustworthy * (whence drya- t drya-, cf. Hitt. ara~ 4 friend, ally etc.) and ari- 2 4 enemy* (<*ali-, cf. Lat. alius, etc.), only the latter is pre- served. Vedic kdru - 1 ‘ singer * (kf- 4 to celebrate cf. Gk. KTipvt f, Kapvi 4 herald ') yields to classical kdru- 2 ' artisan * (kr- 4 to do, make), and Vedic rajas 1 f space * (raj- 4 to stretch out cf. Lat. regib, etc.) is abandoned on account of the com- ' petition of rajas 2 ' dust, dirt Similarly of the pairs parusd- 1 ‘ light grey ' (Av. pourusa-, ct. Engl, fallow, etc.) and parusd - 2 4 knotty, rough * (pdrus-, pdrvan- 4 knot r ), pdyu- 1 ' protector * and pdyu- 2 ' anus phalgu- 1 4 reddish, pink phalgu - 2 1 hollow, without substance the homonym listed first ceases to be used in the later language. Changes of meaning naturally occurred over so long a period. Many of these occurred in the natural growth of the language. For instance vdhni- in the Veda means simply ' carrier * and it is
