LOANWORDS IN SANSKRIT 380 jobhi ‘ swampy ground jubild 4 a wet field Ho, jobe * mud Savarayoft^- ' id jim-, jemati ' to eat ’ (late ; common in Mod. TA, Hi. jevnd
- to eat jimdnd 4 to feed Mar. jevne 1 to eat etc.) : cf.
Santal jam, Kurku jome, Juang jim t Savara jvm, etc. tambiila- 4 betel ' : prefixed form ; cf. Alak baht, Khmer mluo , Bahnar bblbu, etc. ; various prefixes, Mon jablu , Halang lamlu , etc. No form is quoted corresponding exactly to San- skrit, but the same radical element is shared by all. marica- ' pepper ' : cf. Mon mrdk, Khmer meted * id In the Munda languages there are some forms corresponding to Skt. marica-, but the opinion now is that these are loans from Sanskrit. Idngala- f plough Pa. nangala : cf., with varying prefixes, Khmer ankal, Cam lanal, lunar , Khasi ka-lynkor, Malay tengala , tangdla, Batak tingala, Makassar nankala . In Munda there is Santal naheL This word is interesting because Dravidian has borrowed independently from the same source : Ta. nancil t Ka. negal , etc. A non-prefixed form with the change k>h characteristic of the northern group of Mun<Ja languages, appears in Sanskrit as hala- 4 plough sarsapa- 'mustard': Pkt. sdsava-; cf. Malay sesawi, etc. Old Tamil aiyavi, if form *sasavi also belongs here. This short selection of words is sufficient to show the import- ance of Austro-Asiatic as a source of Sanskrit words. When the languages concerned have been properly studied and properly compared it is expected that more will be available, and that there will be greater certainty about the detailed history of the forms concerned. At present such studies are in their infancy, so that it is not possible to estimate how much of the Indo- Aryan vocabulary will eventually prove to be derived from this source. The most important source of the foreign element in the Sanskrit vocabulary is to be found in the Dravidian languages. Although the comparative study of the Dravidian languages is still in its infancy, the position is much better than with the Munda languages. Full lexicographical material is available for the major literary languages, .and although much work remains to be done in the first-hand study of the minor lan- gauges, more is known about them than about the majority of the Munda languages. More work has been done on the influ-
