THE VERB 364 In the Vedic language the denominative in - dya - is commonly extended beyond its proper field and it is used to form denomin- atives from thematic stems beside the regular forms in -aydti : aghdyati 4 plans mischief ’, asvdydti 4 seeks for horses firiyaydte 4 holds dear Thematic Stems : amitr aydti 4 acts like an enemy devaydti 1 cultivates the gods, is pious vasnaydti ' bargains etc. This is the latest type of denominative formation. The addition of a further suffix to a final thematic suffix is against the principles of IE stem formation. It appears here in the denominative purely by analogy, deva-yd-ti, etc., being created after the pattern of brahman-yd-ti, etc. The resulting stem is similar to the causative, differing only in accent, but the origin and analysis are quite different. On the one hand vve have an f-stem with thematic extension (analyse vardhdy-a-) f on the other hand a thematic stem with the mechanical and analogical addition of the denominative -yd- (analyse deva-yd-). The similarity of the two forms gave rise to some confusion, and there are stems, apparently denominative in origin which have the causative accent : arthdyate 1 desires mantrdyate 4 takes council mrgdyate ‘hunts', etc. These are normally classified in the tenth present class. In the later classical language most of the old denominatives made from consonant sterns disappear. The thematic type re- mains living and takes two forms : (1) in the active the normal -ayati is used, kalusayaii 4 makes turbid tarunayati 4 rejuven- ates (2) in the middle, with intransitive sense, -dyate is used, kalasdyate 4 becomes turbid y tar undy ate 1 is rejuvenated It was noted above that the -dya- stem, properly a derivative from the nominal a-stem, was commonly used in the Veda to make denominatives from thematic stems, with the result that there are two alternative formations. In the later development of the language those two are specialised in different uses as just stated. Forms outside the present system from denominative stems occur with the utmost rarity. There are a few isolated is - aorist (avrsdyisata) and future forms ( kanduyisyati ). Parti- ciples in -ta {kanduyitd- 1 etc.) are somewhat more frequent. In the Vedic language abstract nouns in a iyasuya) and adjectives in -u (vasiiyu-) l made like the similar formations from the de- siderative stem, are common, but the type in general dies out later.
