THE VERB 356 tween the strong reduplication and the root : 3 sg. vartvarti , kanikranti, gamganti , 3 pL davidyutati, bharibhrati (vrt- ‘ turn brand- 1 shout gam- ' go dyut- ‘ shine bhr - 1 carry '). The apophony of the root follows the usual system ; it is strong in the three persons of the active, elsewhere weak : 3 sg. act. nenekti, pi. nenijati, 3 sg. mid. nenikte . When l is inserted after the root in the singular active, the root only has guna where this does not produce a long syllable : johavtti but vdviditi. The accent is on the reduplication in the strong forms and in the 3 pi. (vdvetti, vhidati) ; elsewhere on the terminations according to the classical grammar (vevidmas, etc.), but the Vedic usage fluctuates : 3 sg. mid. neniktd, etc., beside tttikte, etc. The terminations are the normal ones (with -ati in the 3 pi, as in the reduplicating class). A common feature is the use of the connecting vowel f. This was observed also in the root class (brdvUi, etc.), but it is much more common in the intensive : johavtti , tartariti , dardanti, etc. It is never used when the same kind of t appears after the reduplication. It is employed in the three singular persons and once in the dual (tartarithas) . In the 3 sg. mid. the ending -e occurs about as frequently as the ending -te : Ukite , joguve, yoyuve, etc. The 2 and 3 sg. of the imperfect suffer the usual phonetic mutilation ; adardar for 2 sg.
- adardar-s and 3* ddardar-t f etc. The connecting vowel -h
appears in the imperfect in the 3 sg. ( djohavit ) and once in the 3 du. (dvavasUam) . The termination of the 3 pi. act. is -ur as in the reduplicating class : djohavur. - The intensive forms subjunctives commonly, but almost ex- clusively with secondary endings. The root has guna only when this does not make a long vowel : 3 sg. janghanat, bobhavat ; carkrsat , davidyutat. Imperatives are not uncommon : 2 sg. dardrhi, carkrdhi , 3 sg. vevestu , dadhartu , 2 pi. jdgrtd ; with -tat, 2 sg. carkrtat, jagrtdt. There are a few forms with the auxiliary vowel t : janghamhi, johavitu. The optative is exceedingly rare (vevisydt AV,). There exist a few intensives with perfect inflections. These are not perfects to the above, but an alternative type of present, in accordance with the old sense of the perfect. Such are davidhava , nondva , dodrdva, lelaya with the ordinary meaning of the intensive present. There exists a second type of intensive formation which re-
