THE VERB 355 addyi, andyi. This type of stem was further extended to the future : I sg. ddyisye, 3 sg. ghdnisyate, etc. Such forms occur very rarely in classical Sanskrit, and they are all learned forma- tions taken from the grammar. In addition to finite verbal forms the passive meaning could be expressed by the passive participles in -ta and the future passive participle in -1 tavya. In the later history of Indo-Aryan, in the Prakrit period, all forms of active preterite were lost, and their place was taken by passive constructions with the participle in -ta, This process is reflected in the later Sanskrit literature ; the usual construction becomes mayd brdhmano dr$tah 1 the brahman was seen by me 1 instead of ahant brdhmanam apasyam ‘ I saw the brahman AssociatecRvith this is the increasing use of the impersonal passive : iha sthiyatdm ‘ stay here 1 (lit. r let it be stayed here '), tenet bhavitavyam ' it must be him r , etc. This type of later Sanskrit is largely Prakrit in disguise. By such devices the wealth of the Paninean verbal morphology can be mostly ignored, and this simplified Sanskrit was understand- ably popular. II, The Intensive The intensive is a form of present stem which expresses intensification or repetition of the sense expressed by the root. It is of common occurrence in the Vedic language, being- attested from over 90 roots. In the classical language, though allowed by the grammarians to be made from every root, it is of infrequent occurrence. The stem consists of the root preceded by strong reduplication. In the case of roots containing i or u this reduplication has the corresponding guna vowel : 3 sg. act. nenekti , vevetti, mid. nenikti , dedistd ( nij - - wash f , vid- ' know dis- 1 point out ’) ; 3 sg. act. jdhaviti, nonavlti , 1 pi. nonumas ( hu - f call 3 nu- ‘ roar '). Where the vowel is a the correspond- ing long vowel appears in the reduplication : 3 sg. cdkastti, papatlti , 3 pi. ndnadati (has- ‘ appear pat - ' fall nod- ‘ roar ’). When roots contain or terminate in r (/) or a nasal, this con- sonant is repeated in reduplication : 1 sg. carkarmi, 2 sg. dar- darsi , 3 sg. janghanti , calcaliti , (with dissimilation) alarti , 3 mid. nannate {kf- ‘ to commemorate df- * to split han - ' slay cal- ' move ar- ' rise, go nam- ‘ bend As an alternative re- duplication with long d is sometimes used with roots of this form : jdgarti ' is awake etc. An t is frequently inserted be-
