THE VERB 336 sddatam „ sadatam , and the participles sddant sdnant (these have also contaminated the regular type above to some extent, so that forms accented like ruhat occur occasionally), A number of the stems listed here are probably thematisa- tions of root aorists, and not ancient. For instance the a-aorist dgamat appears later in the history of the language than the root aorist agan . On the other hand some are clearly old (e.g. dsadat), and since the type appears also in Greek (eyevero, yevecrdat) it must be referred to Indo-European. The a-aorist has attracted a number of reduplicated forms which did not originally belong to it, namely apaptat {pat- * to fall dvocat (for avavc-, vac - ‘ to speak ') and, with what in the perfect becomes a substitute for reduplication, neiat (nas- ' to perish '). Reduplicated Aorist Active, S. 1 djijanam, 2 dp j anas, 3 djijanat , ... P. 3 djtjanan . Middle, S. 1 djtjane, 2 ajijanathds , 3 apjanata , ... P. 3 djijan- anta . The typical reduplicating vowel of this is i but the redup- lication is subject to the following modifications : (1) If the root begins with two consonants short i is employed in redup- lication ; aciksipat , apisprsat. (2) If the root vowel is u the reduplicating vowel is u or u under the same circumstances : abubudhat, acukrudhat. (3) If the root is a heavy syllable two processes are found : (a) the root is unaltered and the redupli- cation is short : adidiksam , abnbhusam ; where the radical vowel is a followed by two consonants or long d the reduplicat- ing vowel is a : adadaksatn , adadhavam ] (b) in order to pre- serve the rhythm favoured in this aorist heavy roots may be weakened : avtvasam (vas-) f acikradat (krand-). It is in accord- ance with this principle that roots appear either with guna or in the weak form : apjanat but avivrdhat. Verbs which make a causative stem in -dp- substitute -ip- in the reduplicated aorist : atisthipat (sthdpayati). (4) Roots beginning with a vowel are found either to repeat the whole root (1 dmamat ) or, later, to repeat the last consonant with 1 ( drpipai ). In the Vedic language there are a number of non-thematic forms attached to the reduplicated aorist : ajigar , asisnat , didhar , etc. These represent an alternative type of the redup- licated aorist which was early abandoned owing to the preval- ence of the thematic type.
