THE VERB 327 The alternation between the strong form of the suffix -na- with -nt- in the weak cases is not found outside Sanskrit. In Greek there is alternation between long and short vowel, bdfAvrjfju, Bafjivdfxev. In Avestan complete loss of a in the weak grade, which is the regular Indo-Iranian phonetic develop- ment, is found : 3 sg. mid. vvrznte, °ster 9 nte. In Sanskrit this type is replaced by one containing an extra suffix in a way similar to that observed in the third class, e.g. vrnitd having the same relation to Av, v*r?nte as Skt. mimltd, etc., to datU, This l is only introduced before the consonantal terminations ; before vowels the simple reduced form of the suffix is found : jdnate , cf. A. zdnaite. Nasal-infixing Class (Seventh, rudh - class) Present, Active, S. 1 yundjmi , 2 yundksi, 3 yundkti , D. 1 yunjvds , 2 yunkthds , 3 yunktds, P. 1 yuiijmds, 2 yunkthd , 3 yun - jdnti. Middle, S. 1 yunjd, 2 yunksd, etc. . . . P. 2 yungdhvd, 3 yufijdie , Imperfect, Active, S. 1 dyunajam, 2 dyunak , 3 dyunak, D. 1 dyunjva , etc. ... P. 3 dyunjan. Middle, S. 1 dyunji , 2 dyunkthds , etc. . , . P. 3 dyunjata . About thirty roots inflect in this manner. Common examples are ; nndkti ‘ leaves ' (Lat. linquo ), cAtrf- ' cut chinatti (Lat. scindo ), ' split bhinatti (Lat. findo), pis- * crush pinasti (Lat. pinso), anj- ‘ anoint andkti (Lat. unguo ), bhuj-, bhundkti ' benefits bhunktd ‘ enjoys 1 (Lat. fungor ). In most languages outside Indo-Iranian the strong forms have been replaced by the weak forms, and the whole type transferred to the thematic class. The same tendency is seen in Skt. vinddti finds as opposed to Av. vinasti , and in the later history of Indo-Aryan such forms completely replace the older type (Pa. yunjati , etc,). In Hittite the corresponding class has a double nasal infix and no apophony, e.g, harnink- ‘ to destroy ' ; both these features are special developments of Hittite, out of the regular IE type which Sanskrit preserves. This type appears superficially to be different from the two preceding types, the present stem being made by infixation in- stead of suffixation. Ultimately they are not really different, since in most of the roots of this class, the final consonant can be interpreted as an extension, that is to say originally a suffix which in course of time has become incorporated in the root.
