THE VERB 326 cases where such omission is optional in the nw-verbs (kurtnds, etc.). It is also omitted in the active of the optative : kuryam as opposed to kurmyd. These may be radical formations incor- porated in this conjugation. The nd - Class (Ninth or kri- class) Present, Active, S. 1 krindtni, 2 krindsi, 3 krinati, D. 1 krini- vds, 2 krintthds, 3 krinitds , P. 1 krinimds, 2 kriniikd, 3 knnanti. Middle, P. 1 krind, 2 knnisd , 3 krtnitd, D. 1 krinivahe , 2 krin- ithe, 3 krinate, P. 1 krinimdhe , 2 krinidhvd, 3 krinate. Imperfect, Active, S. 1 akrindm, 2 dkrinds , 3 dkrlndt , D. 1 dkriniva, 2 dknmtam, 3 dkrinitam , P. 1 dkrinima, 2 dknmta, 3 akrinan. Middle, S. 1 dkrini , 2 d krintthds, 3 dkrinita, D. 1 dkrinivahi , 2 dkrindtham , 3 akrinatdm, P. 1 dkrinimahi , 2 dkrinidhvam , 3 dkrinata. Some fifty roots all told make presents according to this class. Typical examples are: krinati 'buys' (cf. Ir. crenaid ), ZxftiZi ‘ sticks, adheres to 1 (cf. Ir. lenaid ( id '), srnati 1 smashes ’ (cf. Ir. ■ chrinat 3 pi. ' collapse ’), jinati ' inflicts loss mrndti 4 crushes prndti ' fills etc. The suffix is compounded of w and a (-#h-), and these ele- ments often appear separately in related formations. The n which appears in isndti appears in connection with other ele- ments in isanat and isanydti. The 4-suffix without w appears in a number of parallel formations in : grbhdydti , rnkthayati , skabhaydti beside grbhndti, etc. The 4 is often partially incor- porated in the roots, e.g, in ‘ to inflict loss ' and prd- ' to fill ' beside the presents jinati , prndti ; cf. the same process, though morecomplete, in sru-jsro beside irnoti. With the addi- tion of the weak form of the suffix roots in z, w and r become roots in i, u, and f. This is how they are normally given and how they normally appear outside the present system : pritd- 4 pleased pitta- ' purified ' (: pundti), piirnd - 4 full ' (: prndti ). In the tense there are two kinds of treatment : (a) the unex- tended form of the root appears before -nd-, e.g. jinati , pundti , mrndti ; (b) the extended form of the root is introduced even into this formation, e.g. prinati, bhnndti , a process which is found only in the case of roots in i. The root vli- * to press down ’ makes both types and Pali has kindti ' buys 1 (corre- sponding to the Celtic form) as opposed to Skt. krinati .
