THE VERB 321 obscure : 3 sg. impf. adat with thematic vowel from ad- 4 to eat 1 islt with -1- beside Vedic as from as- 1 to be Some of the roots of this class contain enlargements, e.g. trd- 4 to save, protect sd-s- £ to command v-as- 4 to clothe which means that originally they did not belong to the root class. Such roots tend to be irregular in the matter of accent and apophony. Some reduplicated formations have come to be classed here, e.g. jaks- (1) 4 to laugh ’ ( has -), {2) r to eat ’ (ghas-) which retains some features of reduplicated inflection (3 pi. act. jdksati ), and nims- 4 to touch closely, kiss J (was-) ; likewise certain intensive formations which are treated as roots by the grammarians : jdgarti 4 is awake daridrdti 4 runs about, is poor dxdeii 4 shines . Here are classified certain roots making a stem by means of the suffix t, namely, in the classical language, rud- 4 to weep svap- 4 to sleep an - 4 to breathe ', svas - 4 to breathe 1 and jaks- 4 to eat : 3 sg. pres, roditi , svapiti , etc. Further examples are found in the Vedic language : vdmiti 4 vomits janisva 4 be born vdsisva 4 wear snathihi 4 smash stanihi 1 roar and the M.Bh. has iocimi. This formation corresponds to the Latin 3rd conjugation verbs of the type capio (capis, capit . , . cap - iunt). Like the other non -thematic classes it shows changes in accent and apophony (1 pi. ruditnds), but it had originally nothing to do with the root class, being an independent forma- tion. But it is a formation which from the earliest period of the language is on the way to obsolescence. Most of the forms quoted are isolated and not parts of complete paradigms. Even in the most .stable group which the classical language preserves, the t-suffix is absent before endings beginning with a vowel (3 pi. Yuddnti ) and in the 2 and 3 sg. impf. it is replaced either by long t (dntt), or by a thematic formation (anat). The type has ceased to form a full separate class, and by interpreting the suffix as the union vowel i (it), and attaching it to the root class, the grammarians were able to account for most of its characteristics. A suffix t appears in the conjugation of brii- 4 to speak but only in the strong forms before terminations beginning with a consonant ( brdviti , abravit ; dbravam , bruvdnti). In the corre- sponding Avestan verb it does not appear at all : 3 sg. mraoiti , impf. mraot . The suffix has importance elsewhere in the forma- tion of verbal stems, namely in Latin (audit e) and Slavonic
