3io THE VERB alternative ending -ur. The secondary ending was originally - ant which has been reduced to - an by the normal cause of phonetic development in Sanskrit as in most of the related languages (Gk. -ov<ovr t etc.). The alternative secondary ending -ur appears in the imperfect of the reduplicating class (ddadur), in the imperfect of root stems ending in -d (dyur : ytiti ‘ goes in non-thematic aorist stems and in the perfect. Outside Indo-Iranian r-endings of the 3 plur. appear in Hittite, Latin [dixere] and Tocharian ( kdtkar ' they arose tnrasar ' they forgot '). In Iranian this r may be enlarged by an additional element s (cikoiterds, etc,). The form of the Sanskrit ending shows that it also originally contained this enlargement, since -ur has developed out of -rs here in the same way as it has done in pitur <*pitfs. Of the various types of r-formation which Iranian preserves, one has been generalised in Sanskrit at the expense of the rest. i Dual. P. bhdmvas , cf. Goth, bauds (<*bherdwes), svds ‘ we two are The corresponding ending in Iranian is an extended -vahi (cf. rnasi beside mas) : Av. usvahi 1 we two wish ' ; a form -vast after the style of mast does not appear in Skt. S. and Pf. ; impf. dbharava, opt. bhdreva , pf. vidvd, cf. A v.jvdva ( we two lived Lith. pret. sitkova , -vd-s, O. SI. pres jesve, vezeve, Aor. vezovi, Goth. opt. bindaiwa . As in the i plur. only Indo-Iranian distinguishes between primary and secondary terminations. The variation between the long and short vowel (Skt. va : SI. ve) was noticed also in the plural. The fir&t person of the dual is found only in Indo-Iranian, Balto-Slavonic and Germanic. Hittite contains a termination which is related to these forms, P. weni, S. wen, but it is used as a plural side by side with the rarer -mem /men. The most satisfactory explana- tion of this is that there existed originally in IE parallel forma- tions beginning with w or m which were optionally used as I plur. ending. Hittite has preserved this state of affairs but restricted the use of the men- termination to stems in it. The above-mentioned languages have kept both types of ending but specialised as duals the ^-variety. About the remaining IE languages it is not possible to say anything owing to lack of evidence. 2, 3 Dual . P. 2 bhdrathas , 3 bhdratas , cf. A v. yuidyado, baratd - Goth, bairats , In Avestan no 2 dual is found ; the terminations to and -83 are used promiscuously as endings, of the 3 dual, the
