THE VERB 306 steti, scicidt, spopondl , which preserve the consonant group in the reduplicative syllable but simplify it in the root, (b) in Gothic where the full group appears in both root and reduplica- tion : skaiskaip [skaidan 1 cut ’). In view of this variety it is unlikely that there was any universally consistent usage in the IE period. Certain sound changes have affected the reduplicated forms in Sanskrit. By the rule which prevents a succession of two aspirated consonants, a non-aspirate is substituted in reduplica- tion for an aspirate ; dddhdti , etc. In the case of A<IE gh the non-aspirated form appears as; : jahara. Since a in a redupli- cating syllable was originally e, the old velar series is palatalised before it ; cak&ra , jagdma, jaghana. The same treatment appears regularly when the vowel of the reduplicating syllable is i ( ciktrsali ) and it is applied analogically in the case of u : cukopa, §6. Personal Terminations Sanskrit, like the parent Indo-European, has two sets of personal terminations, one for the active and one for the middle voice. These two sets embrace further subdivisions which appear in different parts of the verbal conjugation. In the present-aorist system the so-called primary endings appear in the present and future, while a different series, the secondary endings, appear in the imperfect, aorist and optative. The sub- junctive has optionally either. The perfect endings, 'where they differ from the above, do so more fundamentally than the primary and secondary' endings differ from each other. The imperative has special endings only in the 2 singular and in the 3 singular and plural. The subjunctive has a separate termina- tion in the 1 singular, which is old, and some special middle endings w r hich are an Indian innovation. The primary, secondary and perfect endings are listed in the following table : 1 s. Active d. A. Primary ph s. Middle d. pi. I mi vas mas e vahe make 2 si ihas tha se athe dhve 3 ti tas anti te die ante , ate 1 For table of imperative and subjunctive endings see under the respective sections.
