THE VERB 305 be the same as the radical vowel. It appears in one class of present (the third class), in the reduplicated aorist, in the per- fect, in the desiderative and in the intensive. The main varieties which will be detailed below under the separate formations are as follows : (1) Reduplication with the vowel a (IE e) : dadhiti 1 places tatdna ' stretched cf. Gk. ycyove, Lat. pepigl , etc. (2) Reduplication with long d ; jdgarti , jdgara 4 is awake cf. Gk. Sr}Sexo.raL 1 they welcome etc, (3) Reduplication with the vowel i when that is not the vowel of the root ; Hsthati 4 stands didrksate 4 desires to see cf. Gk. tcrr T)fu, ylyvofiai, Lat. sisto, etc. (4) Similar reduplication with long i : djljanat t 1 gave birth to cf. Av. zizanmti. (5) Reduplication with weak form of vowel of roots in diphthongs : juhoti 4 sacrifices bibhdda * split cf. Lat. pupugi, scicidl . (6) Intensive reduplication with guna vowel of such rpots and similar reduplication with repeated final r t n, etc. ; nenikU 4 washes dMiste ‘ points out vdrvrtaii ‘ they turn (continu- ally) ' ; cf. Av. naenizaiti, daeddist, etc. This involves the com- plete repetition of roots containing only two consonants: nondva 4 roars mightily janghanti ' smites violently (7) Such intensive reduplication with 1 suffixed to the re- duplicating syllable : bhdribharti 3 sg., bhdribhrali 3 pi. This type alternates with one in which the i is suffixed after the root : johavlti 1 calls loudly etc. (8) Initial a may be reduplicated producing d {dsa 4 was ') or some more complicated process may appear. In the case of roots beginning with two consonants the first is reduplicated with the exception of the combination 5 y occlu- sive : susrdva 4 heard cf. Av. susruma, Gk. ice/oWe, sisriye 4 rested on J , cf. Gk. /ceVAirat, sastndra 4 remembered sasnau ' bathed etc. When the root begins with the group 5 + occlu- sive, the occlusive is repeated in Sanskrit : tisthaii 4 stands caskdnda 4 sprung J , pasparia 1 touched On the other hand, s (> h ). appears in the reduplicating syllable in such cases both in Iranian and Greek. The same type of reduplication appears also in Lat. sisto and in Celtic (Ir. - sescaind from skinnim ‘ jump out cf. Skt. skand -). Yet other varieties of reduplication in the case of these groups appear (a) in Lat. perfects of the type
