THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS 251 where this classification is unsound. On the one hand the normal i - and w-s terns are themselves partly diphthongal {agnds, suno's ), and on the other hand this word is in part of its inflec- tion not diphthongal (gen. sg. di-v-as , cf. madh-v-as ). It is an adjectival u/eu stem dy-eu- with accent and guna or vrddhi of suffix according to the general rule. The addition of -s in the nom. sg. is secondary but of IE date (dyaiis : Ztvs). In the oblique cases of the singular there appears most commonly the undifferentiated type with accented termination (divas : Gk. At os) but also the special adjectival type with accent and guna of suffix (dyos : Av. dyaos). With this must be classed gaus 1 cow ' (dat. gave , gen. gds) whose accent and declension show it to have this adjectival suffix [g-6- f i.e. g w n z -eu, cf. Gk. fiouKoj). It inflects only according to the adjectival type and goes further than other ujo - stems in introducing the guna into the cases of the plural (instr, gobhis , etc.). In the acc. sg. the forms dyam, gdm appear to be from *dyaum , *gaum, with vrddhi from the analogy of the nom. sg. and elision of the final element of the diphthong before -m. The stem vi- 4 bird ' is an adjectival formation based on an old IE neuter *awi ‘ egg ' (whence with thematic extension Gk. <Lov) and the accentuation of the suffix has resulted in the total elisionof the radical vowel (as opposed to Lat. avis ) . In the RV. it has a nom. sg. vts with guna and nom. $. There is no parallel to this formation. An old nominative agnd(i) is traceable from the derivative Agnctyf ' wife of Agni and it appears also in the compound Agndvisnu 4 Agni and Visnu ' (cf. mdtdpitarqu ) . Similarly Manavi ’ Manu’s wife ’ is based on an old nominative *Manau. More important than this the vrddhied nominative of the adjec- tival type is preserved intact in the form that appears in the locative singular : agna(u), sunau. These forms are a special adjectival type of the locative without ending, being identical in every respect with the forms that originally served as the nom, sg. In that function they have normally been replaced by the termination -is, -us, but in their locatival function they have been retained. The terminations -is, -im, -us, -uni are therefore innovations in IE, and this accounts for the association of the accent with the weak grade of the suffix (purus). Nevertheless they are of considerable antiquity, and they have become the normal type
