THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS 249 wholesale transfers of action-nouns from the neuter, was dif- ferentiated in IE from the. corresponding neuters by its sufffxal accent : pttu nt. subst, 4 much 1 (Goth.//«), pleu- adj. f much, many ' (Gk. nXees). On the basis of this adjectival stem there could be formed a vrddhied nom. sg,, uncharacterised by the termination -s, on the same pattern as in the n-, r- and s- stems : sdkha 4 friend 1 (stem, sdkki-) like pitd, r&ja. In Sanskrit this word, in which the accent may be presumed to have been secondarily transferred to the root, remains the only example of this type of formation from an i- stem. As a general rule the forms -is, -im and -us, -um are substituted in the nominative and accusative, forms which go back to an early period in Indo- European. The vrddhi which appears in the acc. sg, and nom. pi. ( sdkhdyam , sdkhdyas) is as elsewhere [dataram, etc.) an ex- tension of the form of the nom. sg. Guna was originally proper to these cases. Some forms of the acc. sg. with guna are pre- served in Avestan ( kavaem , frddat-fsaom) . Sanskrit has no such forms but it preserves the regular guna in the nom. pi. of the ordinary declension (agndyas, sundvas). The accented and gunated suffix could also appear in the dat. and gen. sg. (i agnaye , agnds) and this type has become the normal one in Sanskrit for masculines and feminines. Alternatively, on the analogy of pitri , etc., the accent, could appear on the termina- tion in stems of adjectival type, so* that in these cases their declension is not distinguished from that of the neuters. Apart from the shift of accent this type is preserved in the dat. sakhye ; and also in pdtye if this word is of adjectival origin. The Avestan declension of haxd 4 friend * corresponds in general to that, of sdkha (nom. s. haxd, acc. haxdim , dat. hase, etc.) thus establishing it as Indo-Iranian, In the gen. sg. this stem has been influenced by the names of relationship of the /--declension (sdkhyus after pitus), The old endingless locative has been re- placed by one in which the -y- of the dat. sg., etc., has been introduced ( sdkhyau ). A similar form appears in the case of pdti - 4 husband ' (pdtyau). Although the vrddhied nom. sg. which appears in sdkha is isolated in Sanskrit, signs are not wanting that it was originally more common in the i- and w-stems of the adjectival and agent- noun type. In Avestan the stem kavi » which has been nor- malised in Sanskrit still inflects in this way : nom. sg. kavd. In the acc. sg. this word has the original guna (kavaim, i.e.,
