पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/२३८

विकिस्रोतः तः
एतत् पृष्ठम् अपरिष्कृतम् अस्ति

232 THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS the nom. acc. sg. neut. (Gk. AuVov, WSov), and it is certainly wrong to assume, as is sometimes done, that the latter is the more original form. Nom -Acc. Sg. Neuter. Apart from a-stems neuter nouns have no endings in these cases : fidhar, Gk. ofidap ; mddhu , Gk. p.£9v ; nama, Lat. nomen, Hitt. ldman } etc.). In thematic neuters the termination in both cases is -w. It has been suggested above that the -m of the old neuters of this class was originally the suffix -m {yugdm : yugmd etc.) and as result of these forms coinciding with the acc. sg. of thematic adjectival stems, a neuter thematic type was developed. Instrumental Singular , The instrumental singular shows no united formation in Indo-European. Forms corresponding to the -d which is the regular ending in Indo-Iranian, appear only in certain languages, and there only in certain classes of stem. In addition there appear the endings -bhi (Gk. 0 co</h, Arm. mardov) and -mi (O. SI. vlttkomi , Lith. sunumi). The former element is that which appears in the instr. pi. in Sanskrit (-bhi-s). In Greek it is used indifferently either as singular or plural, and further in a wide sense, covering instr. loc. and abl. Hittite has a different formation of its own (-et) which is not to be reconciled with any of the other forms in Indo-European. It appears that the instrumental with its various forms is a comparatively new case, and consequently has no common form covering the whole of Indo-European. The Sanskrit form is normally i.e. -an : padd , pitrd, rdjna , etc. But it may also appear in the zero grade, -h, notably in the case of feminine f-stems : citti (Av. iisti ) , uti t justi etc. In Avestan this form is also attested for w-stems : mainyu , xratii, etc. It must further be assumed for thematic stems (vfk&y Av. whrkd , etc.), since the acute accent which appears elsewhere (Lith. vilku , geru-ju , and cf. the Gk. adv. iTTiax^pdt which is interpreted as an old instrumental) speaks against contraction (IE therefore wk w o- H, not ujk^o-oujeu). The quality of the long vowel that developed from this varied between -6 (Lith. vilku , OHG. wolfu with u<o) and -l (Goth. kamme-h } he , Skt. (adverbs) paicd, uccd with palatalisation indicating This implies an original IE metaphony enjou^ Dative Singular. The termination is - e , Av. -e, oi, Indo-Ir. -ai : padi, pitrd t iune, mdnase ; Av. bzrdzaite , vise, pidre , paiQvit-fia. zrdzzjyoi, etc. The IE ending -ei is preserved in