THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS 221 havyauha instr. sg. of havyav&h - ' carrying the oblation duras (once duras RV. 2. 2. 7.) acc. pL of dvaras f doors In other stems there is only alternation between vrddhi and guna, e.g. nom, sg. pAt ' foot gen. sg. padds , a pas nom. pi. f water acc. pi. apds, n&sa nom. acc. du. ' nostrils gen. loc nasos . The vrddhi grade is generalised in vtic- 4 speech ' (nom, sg. vak, gen. sg. vac as) as also in Lat. vox , vocis, in contradistinction to the guna grade in Gk. dp, dna. The guna grade is generalised in such nouns as ksdp - ' night instr. sg. ksapa , spas- 4 spy etc. Root nouns having i, u, or r as the radical vowel have generalised the weak grade in all cases : dik nom. sg. f direc- tion gen. sg. Jisds, instr. pL digbhis , similarly from re- e hymn J , fk, reds, rgbhis, and so on without exception. With these belong root nouns originally ending in h, namely radical stems in -F. and -u, e.g. dhf- ' thought ' ( dhis , dhtyam, dhiyds) and bhd- 4 earth ' [bhfts, bhuvam, bhuvds). Accent alternation has been abandoned as a general, rule in the case of those root stems which appear at the end of com- pounds, e.g. trivft- 4 threefold gen. sg. trivftas. The older alternating system is only preserved in vrlraghnds because the vowel of the root had been elided. In the alternating stem anadvah- gen, sg. anaduhas the apophony indicates that there was originally a shifting accent which has been replaced by a fixed accent. An exception to the general tendency is found in the various formations in -anc ( pratydne etc.) which are originally compounds of prepositions with the root of dksi ' eye Here the accent appears on the termination in the weakest cases (gen. sg. praticds) but it is shifted back in the middle cases with a corresponding difference of grades ( pratyagbhis ). The movable accent was originally characteristic of the neuter nouns formed with the various suffixes classified above. The tendency was from the late IE period for this to be given up and replaced by a fixed radical accent. Nevertheless there remain in Sanskrit, as also in Greek, various survivals from this system. The accent shift is usually preserved in the archaic neuters with alternating rjn stem : asrk, asnds 4 blood ydkrt, yaknds 4 liver sdkrt , saknds 1 dung ' ; likewise in the stems in ijn : dksi, aksnds 4 eye dsthi, asthnds ' bone dddhi, dadhnds 4 curd Similar terminational accent appears also in dsnds gen. sg. (dsya- ‘ mouth *), likewise in dosnds, yusnds, udnds and strsnds (gen. sg. to dos 4 forearm yds- 4 broth udakd - 4 water and
