THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 217 Adjective compounds used as adverbs Compound adjectives may be used adverbially in the same way as simple adjectives, and as such normally appear in the accusative singular neuter. This is common with bahuvrihis and in the classical literature long conglomerations of this nature are frequently so used. It is also common with the com- pounds having a preposition or other indeclinable as first member, thus atimdtram adv. * excessively J from atimdtra- adj. ‘ excessive Such adverbial compounds are considered by the Hindu grammarians to be a separate class of compound and they are termed avyaytbhdva The reason for this lies in the fact that in the later language there is a considerable class of such adverbs without actual adjectives corresponding to them. This class is represented by such examples as upardjam ‘ near the king j upanadam ‘ near the river V pratyagni ‘ facing the fire J and pratinisam ' nightly A productive class of indeclinables is formed by those compounds, which have a relative adverb as prior member ; yathdkdmam ‘ according to wish ydvajjtvam ‘ as long as one lives ", etc. III. Dvandva Compounds . This type has nothing exactly corresponding to it in the re- lated languages and has developed mainly within the historical period of Sanskrit itself. The earliest type which is common to Sanskrit and Avestan consists of two duals, each retaining its own accents, which are juxtaposed in such a way that a + b is expressed by 22H-2&: Mitri-V arunau r M. and V.', dyavd- prthivi * heaven and earth usdsd-ndktd f dawn and night ' ; cf. Av. pasu viva ‘ beast and man gen. pasvd virayd. Sometimes elliptic duals may be used in place of this construction : Mitra 1 M. and V/, pitara r parents dyivd ‘ heaven and earth This represents the oldest state of affairs. Out of such con- structions, which are not in the proper sense of the term com- pounds, the Sanskrit system of dvandva compounds developed and some of the intermediate stages may be observed in €he early literature. Thus (1) the form of the nom. acc. dual is retained in the first member in cases other than nom* acc. : mitrd-vdrunayoh instead of mitrayor vdrunayoh ; (2) in a small number of instances in the RV, and in a somewhat larger number in the later Samhitas, the first member of such a
