THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 211 4 male antelope ulukayatu- 'owl demon', vrsikapi 'man- ape r ajar si - 4 royal sage dhenustari 4 barren cow uksavehdt- 4 an impotent bull The karmadharaya is represented in other IE languages by such examples as Gk. aKponoXts, fieaoyaia, aypidfnreXos , Lat. angiportus, etc., and the second type can be compared with formations like Gk, tarpopLavn ? f physician-seer But just as in the earliest Sanskrit these formations are rare. This is natural in view of the origin of these compounds and their place in the grammatical structure of Indo-European in its various stages. They are the remains of a time when the adjective, when used attributively, took no inflections for gender, number and case. Such a state of affairs came early to be replaced in Indo-European by one in which the attributive adjective was inflected in agreement with its noun in all cases, genders and numbers, but there remained a few expressions which were so grown together in usage that they continued as relics of the old system. These could then serve as models for the creation of new examples of the same type. B. Tatpurusas with an ordinary substantive as their first member are in the earliest language somewhat more numerous than compounds of the karmadharaya type, but they are still distinctly rare in comparison with Bahuvrihis and other adjec- tival types. They are rarast in the earliest part of the Rgveda and become gradually more important in the succesive stages of Vedic literature. Examples are rdjaputra- 4 king's son ', mrtyubdndhu- 4 companion of death vispdti - 4 lord of the tribe drupadd - f post of wood hiranyarathd - ' car of gold devakilbisd- 4 offence against the gods indraseni 4 Indra's army camas&dhvaryu- 4 the priest connected with the cups J , drughand- 4 mace of wood deary aj ay & 4 teacher's wife purusardja - f king of men ', ajaloma - ' goat's hair asvavald- 4 hair (from the tail) of a horse ', udapdtrd - 4 bowl of water The relationship between the two members is most frequently that expressed by the genitive case, but being very general it can in various examples be transcribed by all cases, and the Indian grammarians have classified them on these lines : Dative, yupaddru f wood for a sacrificial post ' (yiipdya daru), ablative, caurabhaya - 'fear of thieves' ( caurebhyo bhayam) i locative grdmavdsa- 4 dwelling in a village *, accusative videiagamana f going abroad
