पृष्ठम्:The Sanskrit Language (T.Burrow).djvu/१८७

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एतत् पृष्ठम् अपरिष्कृतम् अस्ति

THE FORMATION OF NOUNS l8l an adjectival stem pleu - which appears in Gk, ttAcc? (for

  • 7 TeF-€s)> The system has undergone various modifications,

and several different types of declension have emerged as a result. (1) The first, and oldest type, is represented by sdkhi -, nom. sg. sdkhd 4 friend This is characterised by vrddhi of the nom. sg., and in declension it follows the general lines of the declen- sion of the agent nouns in r and n (nom. acc. dat. sg. sdkhd t sdkhayam , sdkhye ; svasd, svdsaram , svasre). This rare type is found also in apt aid RV. 8, 32, 16 (nd sdmo apratd pape 4 soma is not drunk which gives not a return '), and in Av. kavd nom. sg. (kavi- title of kings, Skt. kavi 4 wise man '). In Sanskrit this type has usually been replaced by that in which the nom. and acc, sg. terminate in -is and -im t but considerable traces remain to show that the formation was originally more widely used. The feminine derivatives Agndyt and Mandvi are based on the old vrddhied nominative singulars *Agnd(y) and *Maniv. An old vrddhied nom. sg. forms the first member of the com- pounds Agnavisnil (cf. mdtdpitarau) and kavasakhd - ' he who enjoys the friendship of the wise Above all the usual form of the loc. sg. of i- and u- stems ( agna t later agnau , sunau , etc.) can only be explained as a locative without ending equi- valent to the old vrddhied nom. sg, of adjectival stems. (2) The few w-stems which have retained vrddhi in the nom, sg. add the nominative s to this. The type is represented in Sanskrit nom. sg. dyaus ' sky, sky-god * (Gk. Zev? ; the mean- ing f sky-god ’ is the original one, and this accounts for the adjectival form of the word) and in gaits 4 cow It is somewhat more frequent in Iranian, examples being O. Pers. dahyaui f land ' and Av. hiOdus 4 companion ' and uzbdzauS 4 with up- lifted arms In Avestan a tendency to differentiate adjectival and nominal declension is seen in the contrast between uzbdzaus and bazuS 4 arm * in the nom. sg. and between darzgd-ar&aem and frddat-fHaom as opposed to arstim 4 spear ' and pasutn 4 domestic animal ' in the acc. sg. In Greek this type has become productive, and a distinction has been developed between agent nouns of the type /JacaAeu? 4 king ' yovcvs 4 parent ' (: Skt. janu-s - nt.) and the adjectives of the type The Vedic nom, sg. vis 4 bird ' is also of this type, but the guna instead of vrddhi is unusual and unexplained. The corre- sponding Latin word avis conforms to the usual type of f-stems.