THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 167 larly Av. paityaogzt 4 backwards etc. An adverbial suffix -tas has been abstracted from the ablative singular of Osteins. Originally the type daksinaids 4 from the right ’ was to be analysed daksinat-ds (cf. pradaksinit for the /-suffix in connec- tion with this word). With the growing obsolescence of the t- suffix, formations of this type came to be analysed daksina-tds, etc,, and the -tas thus abstracted became very productive in the formation of adverbs with ablatival meaning : mukhatds 1 from the mouth agratas ‘ in front sarvatas 4 on all sides ' f tdtas 4 from there ', pariias 4 around etc. Adjectives in - td arose in the usual way from the addition of the accented thematic vowel to /-stems ; so, prsatd- 4 speckled ' from pfsat - 1 spot, drop Since /-stems have mostly dis- appeared, such adjectives appear normally as independent formations. Some have the suffix in the form - aid , e.g. darsata- ' visible ’ (Gk. 0 Septet ros), yajatd - 4 to be adored bharatd , 4 (to be maintained), epith. of Agni, n. of a tribe rajatd- ' silver ' (cf. Av. 9r9zata-) t others in the form -td, trstd - 11 rough syetd- 4 white ', anapta - 4 not w T et ' (Av. napta- wet), dutd- 4 messenger ’, sutd- 4 charioteer ndpitd - 4 barber * (for *$napild- t cf. Pa. nahdpita-) ; in other cases it is preceded by some other suffix (i, u, etc.) : tigiid- ' sharp palitd- 4 grey-haired dmanyuta- 4 free from anger ddbhuta - 4 wonderful kapola - 4 bluish-grey ; pigeon Mention has already been made of its addition to the suffixes n and r ( vasanta -, muhurtd -). The colour words Aarita- and rohita- have radical accent due to the original use of thesimpleZ-stemsasadjectives. Radical accent appears in some other examples, dsita - 4 black ita - 4 speckled mdrta - 4 mortal The colour adjectives either substitute an n-suffix in the feminine : ent, syenl , hdrini, or add n with change of / to k : dsiknt , pdlikni. Here there are apparently traces of an old alternation corresponding to that of r- and n- stems. A part from t hese a dject jye s the suffix - id is specia liscdiiiThe als o in the other IE lan guages. There is a reduction both of root and suffix before the final accented d [bhrta-, as opposed to bharatd-) which is characteristic of the most ancient formations. These participles are very numerous and are formed from all roots except a small number which take -nd : srutd- 4 heard ' (Gk. kAvto?, Lat. in-clutus , Ir. cloth), srutd- 4 having flowed ' (Gk. pvros), tatd- 4 stretched (Gk. tch-os, Lat. tentus), hatd-
