THE FORMATION OF NOUNS 158
- female "), bhiru- ' timid ", patdru - 4 flying " ; in combination
with n some adjectives and nouns of adjectival origin : dhrsnu- 4 bold ", grdhnu - ' greedy ", sunu- 4 son V dhenu- fern. 4 cow / bhdnu- masc. 4 light The combinations -inn and -snu were fairly productive in the formation of adjectives ; krinu- 4 active ", dartnu- 4 breaking ", dravitnu- 4 running ", pTyatnu- 4 reviling ", stanayitnu - 4 thunder ", kavatnu- 4 stingy, mean ' ; vadhasnu - 4 murderous ", jisnu - 4 victorious ", carisnu- 4 wander- ing", etc. The combination -vanu appears in vagvanu- 4 noise §13. The Suffix s The neuter suffix -as is better preserved than any of the other old neuter suffixes, and a larger number of words of this type have directly corresponding words in other IE languages than is the case with any other suffix. Such are : srdvas- 4 fame " (Gk. kAcos, Ir. clu 4 id/, O. SI slovo 4 word "), jdnas- 4 race " (Gk, y4vo$, Lat, genus), mdnas- 4 mind " (Gk. p4vos 1 spirit '), haras- 4 heat 1 (Gk. Qepos 4 summer "), ndbhas- 4 cloud, sky " (O. Sh nebo , Hitt. nepis-) f drsas - 'piles" (Gk. ZXkos, Lat. ulcus 'ulcer"), vdcas - ^ xe 4 word " (Gk. Fe 7ros t enos), sddas- ' seat " (Gk. IS 09 ), pdsas- 4 male organ ' (Gk. n cos), ddhas- 1 fuel " (Gk. aWo$ 4 burning "), sdhas- 'strength" (Goth, sigis 'victory"), dpas - 'work" (Lat. opus), anas - 4 waggon ' (Lat. onus 4 burden "), vdnas - 4 charm, desire " (Lat. venus ), Other examples of this very frequent suffix are tdpas - 4 warmth ", pray as- * pleasure ", tejas - ' splen- dour ", dohas- 4 milking ", katas- 4 deed ", hdsas 4 injury 1 {hints -) , etc. The normal type has the regular radical accent of neuters, also guna of suffix. Accent shift in declension (type ydkrt „ yaknds) has been abandoned, and the accent remains on the root throughout the declension. There are some variant types of gradation, namely ( 1 ) vrddhi of root in dgas- 4 sin ' (Gk. ayos), dpas- 4 work " (usually dpas-), vasas- 4 garment ", vdhas- 4 offer- ing ", pdjas- 4 side, surface " ; (ii) weak grade of root in uras - 4 breast ", stras - 4 head ", juvas - 1 speed ' (also javas-), mfdhas- 4 contempt ", dtivas- 4 offering " ; (iii) reduction of suffix in yds- 4 welfare " (Av. yaos-, Lat. ius), dos - 4 arm These variants show that the working of apophony was at one time active in these formations, although in most cases it has been levelled out. The type with weakened grade of root is interesting since it can only be explained out of original terminational accent in
